Transcript Document
Community Ecology Packet #32 Chapter 14 Review & Introduction Community Assemblage of populations, of different species, that live and interact in the same place at the same time Community Ecology Description and analysis of patterns and processes within the community Introduction II Communities are difficult to study Large number of organisms Communities vary in size Communities Difficult to Study Lack precise boundaries Rarely completely isolated Within a community, no species exists independently of other species. Large numbers Varying size No precise boundaries Rarely isolated No independent species Community Ecology Community Structure & Functioning Niche [nich] The function or position of an organism or population within an ecological community. The particular area within a habitat occupied by an organism. HW What is a habitat? Niche [nich] II There are factors that impact/restrict the ecological niche of a species within a habitat. Limiting resources Abiotic factors Soil composition Climatic extremes Any environmental resource that is scarce or unfavorable Biotic factors Competition Intraspecific Competition between members of same species Interspecific Competition between members of different species Competition between two species with overlapping niches may lead to competition exclusion Results in the exclusion of one species due to interspecific competition. Natural Selection Natural selection shapes the body forms and behaviors of both predator and prey Pursuit and ambush Chemical protection Plant defense Varied defense adaptations of animals to avoid predators Fleeing Hiding Warning colors Batesian mimicry Resemblance of a harmless organism to a harmful or unpalatable organism Mullerian mimicry Similar morphology of a group of harmful or unpalatable organism Monarch & Viceroy butterflies Living in large groups Community Ecology Defense Mechanisms Defense Mechanisms Hiding Use of warning colors Aposmatic Colors A warning coloration such as a 'striking' color pattern designed to attract attention and to warn predators away. Defense Mechanisms Hiding Use of Warning Colors Batesian Mimicry Mullerian Mimicry Defense Mechanisms Hiding Batesian mimicry Resemblance of a harmless organism to a harmful or unpalatable organism Defense Mechanisms Hiding Use of Warning Colors Batesian Mimicry Mullerian Mimicry Defense Mechanisms Hiding Mullerian mimicry Defense Mechanisms Similar morphology of a group of harmful or unpalatable organism Monarch & Viceroy butterflies Hiding Use of Warning Colors Batesian Mimicry Mullerian Mimicry Community Ecology Relationships within Communities Symbiosis Any intimate relationship or association between members of two or more species Greek sym = together Greek bios = life Symbiosis Intimate relationship b/t two or more species. Mutalism Commensalism Parasitism Types of Symbiosis I Mutualism Benefits are shared Nitrogen fixing bacteria & legumes Zooxanthellae and reefbuilding coral Mycorrhizae facilitate mutalistic relationships between fungi and the roots of a wide variety of plants Types of Symbiosis II Commensalism Taking without harm Epiphytes living on tropical tress benefit from the habitat of the host, but the host is not harmed or benefited. Types of Symbiosis III Parasitism Taking at another’s expense Parasite benefits while host is harmed Well adapted parasite does not kill the host Parasite that causes the death of the host is a pathogen Keystone Species Affect the character of the community Have a great effect on other species in the community Commonly are the top predators Dominant species influence the community as a result of their greater size or abundance Trees are the dominant species in forests because they change the local environment Coral, an animal, in coral reefs Community Ecology Community Development Community Development— Succession How do communities develop? The most studied and natural methods is known as succession. Succession One species replaced by another Primary Succession Secondary Succession Succession Process of community development over time, with one species being replaced by another Succession II Primary Succession Occurs when a community develops in a “lifeless” environment Occurs on bare rock when rock is eventually transformed into soil Occurs on newly formed volcanic larva and recently glaciated rock Succession III Secondary Succession Occurs when a community develops where a previous community existed Occurs where soil already exists Areas denuded or modified by fire or agriculture Abandoned farmland Keep in mind that disturbances impact succession Review Review Students are encouraged to place their own questions and charts on the following slides.