Transcript Documents and Forgery - Ms. Drury's Flipped Chemistry Classes

Questioned Documents Unit
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
Do Now: What kind of documents will
investigators observe in order to connect
suspects to a crime?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
Questioned Documents:
Any document about which some issue
has been raised or that is the subject of
an investigation.
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
Examples of Questioned Documents
Checks
Licenses and Certificates
Passports
(Counterfeit) Money
Receipts
Lottery tickets
Historical documents
Ransom and
suicide notes
Forgeries of Art
4
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
Document Examiners:
Mostly examine handwriting to originate its source or
its authenticity
Will also examine typed writings, computer printings,
photocopies, inks, papers, and forgeries, and decode
altered and charred documents
May need to use microscopes, photographs,
chromatography, and other lab examinations on the
questioned documents
Many work in federal, local, and state crime labs, but
they may also work in private practices
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
Handwriting:
Two individuals cannot have exactly identical
handwriting
Since handwriting is associated with mechanical,
physical, and mental functions, it is almost
impossible to reproduce exactly
Handwriting can be almost as individual as a
person’s fingerprint
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
A positive comparison must be based on an
ample number of common characteristics
between known and questioned writings
Collecting a lot of exemplars (known writings)
is critical in order to make a comparison
Exemplars should contain some of the same
words or combinations of letters that are
present in the questioned document(s)
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
Two writings came from one person if:
their similarities are unique and
no unexplainable difference(s) are found
1.
2.
3.
Examine the questionable document for detectable traits and
record them
Obtain a known sample of the suspect’s writing (an exemplar)
Compare and draw conclusions about the authorship of the
questionable document
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
12 Handwriting Characteristics (Exemplars)
1.
Line quality: Are the
lines smooth, freeflowing? Or shaky and
wavering?
2.
Spacing: Are the letters
and words equally
spaced or crowded?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
3) Size consistency: Examine the
relative height, width and size
of letters. Is it consistent?
4) Continuous: Is the writing
continuous or does the writer
lift the pen?
•
Forgeries may have lifts or
separations in unusual places, such
as within a letter
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
5)
Connecting letters: Compare
the strokes between upper
and lower case letters. Are
they connected?
6)
Letters complete: Look at
beginning and ending strokes.
Are letters completely formed?
Are parts missing?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
7)
Cursive and printed letters:
Are there printed letters,
cursive letters, or both?
8)
Pen pressure: Differing
amounts of pressure used by
the writer can make lines light
or dark, narrow or wide. Is
pressure equal when applied
to upward and downward
strokes?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
9)
Slant: analyzing the writing
slant- left, right, straight, or
variable?
10) Line habits: are the writer’s
letters on, above, or below the
baseline?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
11) Fancy curls or loops: Are there any fancy letters, curls,
loops, circles, or other embellishments?
12) Letter characteristics: Are t’s crossed in the middle,
towards the top, or bottom? Where is the placement of
the dot (or circle, heart, etc.) above lowercase i’s?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
Factors that affect handwriting samples:
1.
Position of writer (sitting or standing)
2.
Position of Document (flat, vertical or
horizontal surface)
3.
Other Factors (under the influence of
drugs, illness or injury)
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
4.
Type of writing instrument
5.
Writing surface
6.
Underlying surface
7.
Mood of writer
8.
Age of writer
9.
Writing speed
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample using the 12 exemplars
Complete the handwriting matching
activity.
Closure: Which factors do you think
currently affect your handwriting at any
given moment the most?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample by analyzing tops & bottoms of letters
and the Slants of letters
Do Now: Take out your notes. What does
“line quality” mean?
Complete the handwriting activity 1.
Closure: Does your handwriting slant to
one side? Which side?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample by analyzing tops & bottoms of letters
and the Slants of letters
Do Now: Take out your notes. What does “continuous
writing” mean?
Complete the handwriting activity 2. Circle, underline,
or highlight at least 6 pieces of proof for your answer
to question 1, in addition to the data table.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OzXXO492Gas
Closure: What is the most interesting fact about the
zodiac killer that you have learned?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample by analyzing tops & bottoms of letters
and the Slants of letters
Do Now: Look at previous answers to your
do-nows. Is your handwriting continuous?
Start the handwriting activity 3. You
should get at least 3 data tables finished.
There will be a total of 7 data tables.
Closure: Do you have a hard or soft
writing pressure?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample by analyzing tops & bottoms of letters
and the Slants of letters
Do Now: Look at previous answers to your donows. Characterize how you do your “i” and
cross your “t”.
Finish the handwriting activity 3. There will
be a total of 7 data tables.
Closure: On a scale of 1-10, how much do you
like handwriting analysis and would you
consider it as a profession?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample by analyzing tops & bottoms of letters
and the Slants of letters
Do Now: Why are “i” and “t” such
important letters to analyze?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample by analyzing tops & bottoms of letters
and the Slants of letters
Analysis of the Tops & Bottoms of Letters
and the Slants of Letters
Draw a dot at the top of each letter and connect the dots
Draw a line through the center of each letter
(maintaining the slant of the letter)
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample by analyzing tops & bottoms of letters
and the Slants of letters
Complete the handwriting activity 4. And
hand it in.
Closure: Can you still analyze handwriting
efficiently if the writer writes in all capital
letters?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing sample by
analyzing tops & bottoms of letters and the Slants of letters
Do Now: Before the extensive use of computers like
now, serial killers often (and still do) write letters to
the police in their own handwriting. What ways could
they disguise their writing sample?
Complete the serial killer handwriting worksheet and
hand it in. Do not write on the group handout.
Closure: What do you feel were the most obvious
similarities between the serial killers writing samples?
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing sample by
analyzing tops & bottoms of letters and the Slants of letters
Do Now: Give an example of a “fancy
letter” used in our 12 exemplars.
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample by analyzing chromatography results
Analyzing Ink
Chromatography is a method of physically separating
the components of inks.
Types
HPLC—high-performance liquid chromatography
TLC—thin-layer chromatography
Paper chromatography
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample by analyzing chromatography results
Paper Chromatography of Ink
Example:
Two samples of black ink
from two different
manufacturers have been
characterized using paper
chromatography.
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample by analyzing chromatography results
Retention Factor (Rf)
 Rf is a number that
represents how far a
compound travels in a
particular solvent
 It is determined by
measuring the distance the
compound traveled and
dividing it by the distance
the solvent traveled.
Objectives: Determine the origin of a writing
sample by analyzing chromatography results
Closure: Which spot below (A-D, i-iv) has
the greatest retention factor?
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Do Now: What are some measures the
government uses to try to make
counterfeiting checks and money difficult
or impossible?
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Forgery
Forged documents include:
checks
employment records
legal agreements
licenses
wills
Fraudulence—forgery for material gain
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Check forgery can include:
ordering another’s checks from a
deposit slip
altering a check
intercepting another’s check, altering,
and cashing it
creating a check from scratch
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Check Forgery
Americans write 70 billion checks per year –
approximately $27 million worth of
illegitimate checks are cashed each day.
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Preventing Check Forgery
Chemically sensitive paper
Large font size requires more ink and makes alterations more
difficult
High resolution borders that are difficult to copy
Multiple color patterns
Embed fibers that glow under different light
Use chemical wash detection systems that change color when
a check is altered
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Literary Forgery
Forgery of a piece of writing such as a
historic letter or manuscript is literary
forgery.
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Counterfeiting
When false documents or other items are copied for
the purpose of deception, it is called counterfeiting.
This is a criminal activity existing since antiquity
Items commonly forged today include:
Currency
Traveler’s checks
Food stamps
Certain bonds
Postage stamps
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Counterfeit Currency
Security features are added to paper
currency that scanning cannot reproduce
Regular printer paper contains starch;
Paper currency contains rag fiber instead
of starch.
Number one reason people suspect
fakes is because it doesn’t feel right.
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Intaglio Printing
Intaglio printing process is used for the
black print on the front side of the notes
and the green print on the back side.
Treasury seal, Federal Reserve seal, and
serial numbers are printed by a
typographic or letterpress process
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Intaglio
Photocopied
Counterfeit
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Serial Numbers
Two serial numbers printed in green ink on the face of
each note.
No two notes of the same series, bank, and denomination
have the same serial number.
The Federal Reserve banks are designated by a letter and a
corresponding numeral. The first character of the serial
number is a letter that designates the Federal Reserve Bank
and matches the letter in the Federal reserve seal.
Corresponding numerical designation of the Federal
Reserve Bank is printed in four locations on the face of
each note.
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Currency is always being redesigned to make it
more difficult to counterfeit.
New bills:
$20 – October 9, 2003
$50 – September 28, 2004
$10 – March 2, 2006
$5 – Early 2008
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Authentic
vs.
Counterfeit
The tiny, intricate lines and details on paper money do not
always print well in counterfeit bills.
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Verifying Authentic Currency
New Security Features:
1. Portrait stands out and appears raised off the paper
2. Contains clear red and blue fibers woven throughout the bill
3. Has clear, distinct border edges
4. Treasury seal is shown with clear, sharp saw-tooth points
5. Watermark appears on the right side of the bill in the light
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
6. The security thread is evident—a thin embedded
vertical strip with the denomination of the bill printed
in it
7. There is minute printing on the security threads, as
well as around the portrait
8. When the bill is tilted, the number in the lower righthand corner makes a color shift from copper to green
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Examples of Security Features
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Closure: List some comparisons in the
evolution of the $20 bill below:
1929
Current
1985
Objectives: Determine how Forensic document
examiners reconstruct shredded documents
Do Now: Where is the security thread on a
five dollar bill located?
Objectives: Determine how Forensic document
examiners reconstruct shredded documents
Shredded Material Recovery
The purpose of our
work was to turn bags
of shredded documents
like these...
Objectives: Determine how Forensic document
examiners reconstruct shredded documents
Shredded Material Recovery
Into legible
documents like
these...
Objectives: Determine how Forensic document
examiners reconstruct shredded documents
Shredded Material Recovery
Which involved separation of individual
shreds from the pile and re-assembling
them piece by piece.
Objectives: Determine how Forensic document
examiners reconstruct shredded documents
Shredded Material Recovery
Each bag of shredded paper contained an
average of 100 recoverable documents.
Objectives: Determine how Forensic document
examiners reconstruct shredded documents
Complete the paper shredder lab and
hand it in.
Closure: How can you tell where a dollar
bill is printed?
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Do Now: Pick up a video worksheet and
put you name on it. There is no do now
sheet this week.
Watch “Catch Me If You Can” and fill out
the answers on the worksheet.
Closure: Complete as many of the
worksheet answers as you can.
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Do Now: Find your video worksheet.
Review yesterday’s video segment.
Watch “Catch Me If You Can” and fill out
the answers on the worksheet.
Closure: Complete as many of the
worksheet answers as you can.
Objectives: Determine the measures used to
prevent forgery and counterfeiting
Do Now: Find your video worksheet.
Review yesterday’s video segment.
Watch “Catch Me If You Can” and fill out
the answers on the worksheet.
Closure: Complete all answers and hand
in your video worksheet.
Objectives: Develop skills to determine if
documents are counterfeit or real.
Do Now: Give three examples of
“questioned documents.”
Finish yesterdays shredder lab if you
didn’t. You have 3 minutes to check over
everyone’s documents.
Objectives: Develop skills to determine if
documents are counterfeit or real.
Counterfeit Money:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lzYtozBwOxQ
Counterfeit Passports:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uzt4VVDX-T0
Complete the counterfeit questions and hand them in.
Closure: It is said to be easier to counterfeit paper
money rather than coins. Why do you think this is
true?
Objectives: develop a review sheet to study for
the upcoming test.
Do Now: What topics are on the test tomorrow?
Graphology:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aoCAcLB1LbI
Complete the questioned documents review sheet in
order to figure out what is on the test tomorrow and
study.
Closure: What are you missing? Write it down and see
me about getting copies. Hand in your do-now sheets
(no do-now tomorrow)