Transcript Memristors by Quantum Mechanics

Quantum Mechanics
in
Nanotechnology
Thomas Prevenslik
QED Radiations
Discovery Bay, Hong Kong
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Background
Classical physics assumes the atom always has heat capacity,
but QM requires the heat capacity to vanish at the nanoscale
QM = quantum mechanics
Unphysical results with Classical Physics
Nanofluids violate mixing rules
Thermal conductivity of thin films depends on thickness
Nanostructures do not charge
The Universe is expanding
Nanoparticles do not damage DNA
Molecular Dynamics is valid for nanostructures
And on and on
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
QM Consequences
Without heat capacity, the atom cannot conserve EM
energy by the usual increase in temperature.
Conservation proceeds by the creation of QED induced
non-thermal EM radiation that charges the nanostructure
or is lost to the surroundings
QED = quantum electrodynamics
EM = electromagnetic.
Fourier’s law that depends on temperature changes is
not applicable at the nanoscale
𝑇
2 𝑇
𝐶 = 𝐾 2 + 𝑄
𝑡
𝑥
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Advantages of QM
Unphysical interpretations of the nanoscale are avoided
Nanofluids obey mixing rules
Thermal conductivity of thin films remains at bulk
Nanostructures create charge or emit EM radiation
The Universe is not expanding
Nanoparticles damage DNA
Molecular Dynamics is valid for nanostructures
Nanocomposites cross-link by EUV radiation
And on and on
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
QM at the Macroscale
Applying a nano coating on macrostructures avoids
natural convection and conserves heat by emission of
QED radiation instead of temperature increases
Suggesting:
QED is the FOURTH mode of Heat Transfer?
( 3 modes known: Conduction, Radiation, Convection)
Turbine blade cooling
Cooling of Conventional Electronics
Moore’s law and 13.5 nm Lithography
Drinking water Purification
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
4th Mode of Heat Transfer
QED
Natural
radiation
convection
Coating
Conventional
Electronics
Joule heat
NanoCoating avoids natural convection and
conserves Joule heat by QED radiation instead of
temperature increase
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Theory
Heat Capacity of the Atom
TIR Confinement
QED Heat Transfer
QED Emission Spectrum
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Heat Capacity of the Atom
Planck Energy - E - eV
0.1
Classical Physics
MEMS
0.01
QM
0.001
0.0001
kT
0.0258 eV
hc
l
E
  hc  
exp  lkT   1
 
 
NEMS
0.00001
1
10
100
1000
TIR Confinement Wavelength - l - microns
In MEMS, atoms have heat capacity, but not in NEMS
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
TIR Confinement
Since the RI of coating > electronics,
the QED radiation is confined by TIR
Circuit elements ( films, wires, etc) have high surface to volume
ratio, but why important?
The EM energy absorbed in the surface of circuit elements
provides the TIR confinement of QED radiation.
QED radiation is spontaneously created from Joule heat
dissipated in nanoelectronics.
f = (c/n) / l and E = hf
For thin film of thickness d, l = 2d
For NPs of diameter D, l = D
Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
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QED Heat Transfer
QED
Radiation
Q abs − Q Excitons = Q Cond
Excitons = Hole and Electron Pairs → Photons
QED Excitons = EM radiation + Charge
Conservation by QED Excitons is very rapid
Charge
Excitons
Q abs
Qabs is conserved by photons before
thermalization only after which phonons respond
Q abs = Q Exciton𝑠
Phonons
No thermal conduction
Q cond  0
Qcond
Fourier solutions are meaningless
Conductivity remains at bulk
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
QED Radiation
Wavelength - l - microns
QED Emission Spectrum
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IR
1
VIS
UV
EUV
0.1
Silicon
Zinc Oxide
0.01
0.001
1
10
100
1000
Coating Thickness - d - nm
QED radiation emission in VIS and UV
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Applications
Thin Films
QED Heat Transfer
Electronics Circuit Design
Nanocomposites
EUV Lithography
Validity of Molecular Dynamics
Nanochannels
Expanding Universe
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Thin Films
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Thermal Conductivity
The reduced thermal conductivity of thin films has been
known for over 50 years.
Today, the BTE derives the steady state thickness dependent
conductivity of thin films.
BTE = Boltzmann transport equation.
But the BTE solutions show reduced conductivity only
because QED radiation loss is not included in heat balance.
If the QED loss is included, no reduction in conductivity
The conductivity remains at bulk.
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
QED Heat Transfer
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
QED v. Natural Convection
Classical convective heat transfer dissipates heat Q by,
Q = HA T − To
H is the heat transfer coefficient, and A the surface area.
By QM , the temperatures of the coating and surroundings are
the same, T = To 
hQED =
Q
A T−To

QED heat transfer is significant, hQED >> H
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Electronics Design
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Electronics Design
1000
TIR Planck Energy
E = hc / 2nd - eV
100
10
E > 3 eV
Charged atoms
1/f Noise
No
Hot Spots
1
NEMS
0.1
Zinc Oxide
n = 1.5
Silicon
n=3
0.01
Optimum
0.001
No 1/f Noise
No Hot Spots
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1000
Characteristic Size - d = l / 2 - microns
Optimum Design 0.05 < d < 20 microns
Fourier equation and BTE invalid  Use QED heat transfer
Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
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Optimum
Optimum NEMS/MEMS electronics circuit element occurs with
0.05 to 20 micron thick printed circuits.
•
•
No hot spots or 1/f noise
Design electronic circuits using QED
QED supersedes natural convection, but requires nanoscale
coatings on heat transfer surfaces
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Nanocomposites
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Mechanical Properties
Nano Composites comprising NPs in a polymer are observed
to display significantly enhanced mechanical properties.
The NPs are thought to enhance the polymer properties by
forming an interphase adjacent the NP.
But the mechanism is not well understood.
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Interphase Dilemma
Rationally, the design of nanocomposites cannot
proceed without knowing the interphase properties
Stress-strain curves are required, but tensile tests are
not possible because the interphase is nanoscopic.
Currently, MD has been proposed to derive the
properties of the interphase.
But MD simulations based on Lennard-Jones or even
ab-initio potentials can never be shown to duplicate
the stress-strain curve of the interphase, if unknown
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Design of Nano Technology?
The interphase dilemma is similar to the difficulty in
the rational design throughout nanotechnology
Solution
Experimental characterization .
(Build and test, forget computer simulations)
Hand wave classical physics to obtain
unphysical explanations
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
RVE Characterization?
In nanocomposite design, assume a stress-strain curve
for the interphase and use the RVE procedure in 3D
FEA with ANSYS and COMSOL.
RVE stands for representative volume element.
The FEA should simulate the experimental test of the
nano-composite design application.
Iterate on the assumed stress-strain curve until the
true stress-strain curve is found upon convergence.
But the RVE approach is meaningless, as the
experiment already verifies if the nanocomposite
design is acceptable.
Need experimental stress-strain curve
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Cross-linking Mechanism
Radical polymerization may be dismissed as enhancements
are observed without photo initiators.
UV induced cross-linking may be dismissed as
nanocomposite properties are enhanced even if the polymer
is known not to exhibit UV cross-linking.
Only if EUV radiation is used do ALL polymers cross-link.
EUV stands for extreme ultraviolet.
Enhanced properties of nanocomposites are therefore
caused by the EUV cross-linking of the polymer.
What is the source of EUV?
QED Induced Radiation
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Characterization
Prepare polymer tensile specimens, say < 1 mm
diameter wires or 3 micron thick flat geometries from
the natural polymer.
Determine the wavelength of the EUV emission
expected from the NPs based on their diameter and RI
QED Wavelength - l - nm
1000
.
Silicon
100
Zinc Oxide
10
EUV
1
UV + VIS
0.1
1
10
NP diameter - d - nm
100
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
EUV Source
Table-top EUV sources have recently been developed
similar to that used in EUV lithography.
But QED induced EUV provides a far simpler way of
irradiating the tensile specimens
Tensile
specimen
EUV
Vacuum
chamber
Tensile
Specimen
Coating
Coating
Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
EUV Source
Electrical current is passed through the housing by applying
voltage in short pulses. Joule heat is produced, but the
temperature in the coating does not increase because of QM.
Instead, QED creates EUV to irradiate the tensile specimen.
The wavelength of the EUV is given by
l = 2 nd.
For zinc oxide having n = 2 and taking d = 10 nm, QED creates
40 nm EUV.
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
EUV Fluence from NPs
The NPs emit a EUV fluence F,
F = 1.5 NkT / A
where N is the number of atoms in the NP, d is the atom
diameter; and A is the NP surface
N = (D/d)³ and A =  D².
At 300 K, the carbon atom d = 0.134 nm gives the steady EUV
fluence F = 0.82 mJ/cm². During thermal processing at
temperatures T ~ 500 K, F exceeds 2 mJ/cm².
EUV Lithography 1-10 mJ/cm².
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
EUV Lithography
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Moore’s law
EUV lithography with light at 13.5 nm is planned in the next
generation of computer chips.
However, difficulty in producing the EUV light source is
questioning whether extending Moore’'s law is possible
The difficulty in extending Moore’s law may be traced back to
classical physics that requires EUV light to be created upon
the ionization of atoms in high temperature plasmas.
Nevertheless, LPP have evolved as the primary source of
EUV light in 13.5 nm lithography.
LPP = laser produced plasmas
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
LPP Lithography
LPP systems for 13.5 nm computer chips are very expensive
costing as much as USD 120 million.
The LPP plasma requires high energy 20 kW CO2 lasers to
vaporize tin and lithium targets.
Collector mirrors require a multilayer coating to reflect the
largest amount of 13.5 nm EUV light.
Periodic heating of mirrors at 400 C is required to evaporate
tin and lithium debris in order to maintain the reflectivity and
enable long lifetimes.
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
LPP Light Sources
The LPP light sources use high power CO2 lasers to heat
solid tin and gaseous helium targets, the plasmas of which
produce the EUV light by atomic emission.
EUV light is collected and focused by an elliptical mirror that
delivers the focused EUV light to the silicon wafer
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
EUV by QED
The EUV by QED comprises a glass lens provided on the
front surface with a nanoscale zinc oxide coating
Back
Surface
Heater
Nano
Coating
Focal
Point
EUV
Spherical
Lens
A heater is provided on the back surface, the heat flowing
through the lens thickness into the coating is converted by
QED into EUV light that is focused on the wafer.
For zinc oxide n ~ 2, and d < 5 nm, the EUV l < 20 nm
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
QED Lithography
Unlike the LPP requirement of high mirror reflectivity, QED
lithography only requires a zinc oxide nanoscale coating.
Instead of high energy CO2 lasers, QED lithography is far more
efficient as pulsed < 5 W power.
QED lithography avoids the need for debris control.
LPP requires large 320 mm diameter collector mirror. But QED
lithography uses small < 100 mm spherical glass lenses.
Nano-structuring of materials using desktop LPP lithography
may be performed with a hand-held EUV Source.
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Validity of Molecular Dynamics
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Valid and Invalid MD
Molecular Dynamics MD is commonly used to simulate heat
transfer at the nanoscale in the belief:
Atomistic response using L-J potentials (ab initio) is more
accurate than macroscopic finite element FE programs, e.g.,
ANSYS, COMSOL, etc.
In the following, it is shown:
FE gives equivalent heat transfer to MD, but both are invalid
at the nanoscale by QM
And present:
Invalid and valid MD solutions by QM
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
MD and FE Restrictions
MD and FE are restricted by statistical mechanics SM to
atoms having thermal heat capacity
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Validity
Historically, MD simulations of the bulk performed under
PBC assume atoms have heat capacity
PBC = periodic boundary conditions
In the macroscopic bulk being simulated, all atoms do
indeed have heat capacity
MD is therefore valid for bulk PBC simulations
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
MD Problem
Today, MD is not used for bulk simulations, but rather
for the atomistic response of discrete nanostructures
Problem is MD programs based on SM assume the
atom has heat capacity that is the cause of the
unphysical results, e.g.,
Conductivity in Thin films depends on thickness
Nanofluids violate mixing rules, etc
Why is this so?
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
MD - Discrete and PBC
Akimov, et al. “Molecular Dynamics of SurfaceMoving Thermally Driven Nanocars,”
J. Chem. Theory Comput. 4, 652 (2008).
MD for Discrete  kT = 0,
But MD assumes kT > 0
Car distorts but does not move
Macroscopic analogy,
FE = MD
Classical Physics does not work
QM differs
No increase in car temperature
Charge is produced by excitons
Cars move by electrostatic interaction
Sarkar et al., “Molecular dynamics
simulation of effective thermal
conductivity and study of enhance
thermal transport in nanofluids,”
J. Appl. Phys, 102, 074302 (2007).
MD for kT > 0 is valid for PBC
because atoms in macroscopic nanofluid
have kT > 0
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
MD - NW in Tensile Test
L
F
w
F
w
T. Prevenslik, “Nanowire Stiffening by Quantum Mechanics ,
MNHTM2013-220025, Hong Kong, Dec. 11-14, 2013
Silver 38 nm NWs x 1,5 micron long were modeled in a smaller size comprising 550 atoms
in the FCC configuration with at an atomic spacing of 4.09 Ȧ.
The NW sides w = 8.18 Ȧ and length L = 87.9 Ȧ.
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
MD - NW in Tensile Test
To obtain valid MD solutions, the Coulomb force Fij between atoms is
modified by the ratio  of thermal energy UkT of the atom to the
electrostatic energy UES from the QED induced charge by the excitons.
e2
𝐹𝑖𝑗 = 
2
4𝑜 𝑅𝑖𝑗
𝑈𝑘𝑇
3
= 𝑘𝑇𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑝
2
=
𝑈𝑘𝑇
𝑈𝐸𝑆
𝑈𝐸𝑆
=
3𝑒 2
=
20𝑜 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚
10𝑜 𝑘𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑔𝑟𝑖𝑝
𝑒2
= 0.0065
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
5.E+07
8.86E-09
Stress - x, y, z - psi
Displament
Loading
m
Modulus
Young's
- Y- - -psi
MD - NW in Uniaxial Tension
1.E+05
4.E+07
x and y
8.84E-09
0.E+00
3.E+07
0
2000
4000
6000
= 0.5 Ȧ 8000
10000
8.82E-09
2.E+07
-1.E+05
8.80E-09
1.E+07
8.78E-09
0.E+00
00
-2.E+05
 = 0.25 Ȧ
z
 = 0.15 Ȧ
2000
2000
4000
4000
6000
6000
80008000 10000 10000
Solution Time Step
Solution Time Step
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
MD – NW in Triaxial Tension
Poisson's
Stress Ratio
- psi - 
Young's Modulus - Y - psi
0.8
300000
6.E+07
0.7
250000
5.E+07
0.6
200000
0.5
4.E+07
150000
0.4
3.E+07
100000
0.3
2.E+07
0.2
50000
1.E+07
0.1
0
0
0
0.E+00
-500000 0
 = 0.002
z
 = 0.002
Incompressible
Limit
xand
y
=0.001
 = 0.001
Solution
15% of kT
2000
2000
2000
4000
4000
4000
6000
6000
6000
8000
80008000
10000
10000 10000
Solution Time Step
Solution Time
Time Step
Step
Solution
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Nanochannels
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
High Fluid Flow
Water flow through nanochannels is observed to be 2-5
orders of magnitude higher than predicted by the HagenPoiseuille equation of continuum mechanics
Slip at the channel wall cannot explain the high flow
because the calculated slip-lengths exceed the slip on nonwetting surfaces by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude.
High flow is more likely caused by the size effect of QM that
causes the viscosity of the fluid to vanish in nanochannels
allowing the Hagen-Poiseuille equation to remain valid as
the Bernoulli equation for frictionless flow.
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
QM Restrictions and QED
Vanishing viscosity is the consequence of QM denying the
atom the heat capacity to conserve viscous heating by an
increase in temperature.
Instead, viscous heat is conserved by QED inducing atoms in
fluid molecules to create EM radiation
The EM radiation ionizes the fluid molecules, the Coulomb
repulsion of atoms avoiding atomic contact to reduce viscosity.
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Charged Atom Flow
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Neuron Synapse
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Atom and Charge Potentials
Lennard-Jones Potential
U = 4

𝑟
12

−
𝑟
6
 - Repulsion
 - Attractive
Atom + Charge
Simulate vanishing viscosity by taking the
attractive potential   0
Charge
0
Atom
Radius - R
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Valid MD Simulations
MD valid by QM require the viscous heat is conserved by
charging the atoms – not by an increase in temperature. MD
solutions are therefore made near absolute zero temperature,
Conserve viscous heat by creating charge repulsion between
atoms usually conserved by temperature
Hence, a discrete 2D model comprising 100 atoms in a BCC
configuration of liquid argon under a constant shear stress
was selected
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
2D Distorted MD Model
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Bernoulli Equation
1.E-03
Viscosity -  - Pa - s
 = 120 k
1.E-04
1.E-05
 = 1.2 k
1.E-06
Viscosity ( reduced 144 X )
1.E-07
1.E-08
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
Iteration
QED induced charged flow in nanochannels converges to
frictionless flow given by the Bernoulli equation.
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Expanding Universe
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Background
Prior to 1910, the Universe was thought static and infinite
In 1916, Einstein‘s theory of relativity required
an expanding or contracting Universe
In 1929, Hubble measured the redshift of galaxy light that by
the Doppler Effect showed the Universe was expanding.
But you probably do not know
Cosmic dust of submicron NPs permeate space and redshift
galaxy light without Universe expansion
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Dusty Galaxies
NGC 3314
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
QED Redshift
Single galaxy photon
Lyman Alpha
Redshift Photon
NP
l  121.6 nm
lo
l𝑜 − l
Z
=
Surface
Absorption
NPunder
Velocity
QED
l TIR
Redshift
V loZ=+(1+Z)
1 2 −l
1  0.966 !!!
=
2 + 1Universe expansion
Zc > 0Zwithout
In ISM,+D1 < 500
nm.
Take D = 300 nm, n = 1.5  lo = 900 nm
Z = 6.4
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
QED Redshift
1.2
QED Redshift - Z
V/c
10
1
8
0.8
Z
6
0.6
4
0.4
H-
l = 0.656 micron
2
Z
0
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.2
0
0.25
Galaxy velocity ratio - V/c
12
Cosmic Dust NP radius - D/2 - microns
Ly-
l = 0.1217 micron
Amorphous Silicate: n = 1.5
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Redshift v. Wavelength?
Hubble’s redshift by the Doppler effect requires the same Z for
ALL wavelengths
QED induced Z is not the same for ALL wavelengths
Available data supports Doppler shift at low Z < .05
(Astrophys
J 123, 373-6, 1956)
To obtain Hubble Z, redshift measurements Zmeas are
corrected with measured Z for Ly- and H- lines,
Z = Zmeas – ( ZLy- - ZH-)
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Water Purification
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
QED Induced UV
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Theory
Disinfection occurs as the body heat from the hands of the person
holding the drinking bowl is transferred to the coating.
Because of QM, the body heat cannot increase the coating
temperature as the heat capacity vanishes under TIR.
Instead, conservation proceeds by QED inducing the heat to be
converted to UV radiation. The TIR wavelength l,
l=2nd
n and d are the refractive index and thickness of the coating.
Optimum UV wavelength to destroy bacteria is 250 - 270 nm
Zinc oxide coating having n = 2 requires d = 65 nm.
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
UV Intensity
Guidelines for the UV intensity suggest the minimum dose at
all points in the water 16 to 38 mW / cm2. For a 20 cm
drinking bowl, the required heat is about 5 to 10 W.
The 5 to 10 W is consistent with the sudden application of
body temperature TH = 37 C to the coating at TC = 20 C
T − TC
𝐻𝐴
= 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −
𝑡  0
T − TH
𝐶
where,  is the density, C the heat capacity, and A the area of
the coating. H is the heat transfer coefficient between hand
and bowl. QM requires C to vanish
instantaneous UV.
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014
Questions & Papers
Email: [email protected]
http://www.nanoqed.org
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Isfahan University of Technology - Quantum Mechanics in Nanotechnology - October 8-9, 2014