Transcript Loaders and Linkers

Loaders and Linkers
Chapter 3
System Software
An introduction to systems programming
Leland L. Beck
1
Introduction

To execute an object program, we needs
» Relocation, which modifies the object program so that it can be
loaded at an address different from the location originally specified
» Linking, which combines two or more separate object programs and
supplies the information needed to allow references between them
» Loading and Allocation, which allocates memory location and
brings the object program into memory for execution
2
Overview of Chapter 3

Type of loaders
»
»
»
»

assemble-and-go loader
absolute loader (bootstrap loader)
relocating loader (relative loader)
direct linking loader
Design options
» linkage editors
» dynamic linking
» bootstrap loaders
3
Assemble-and-go Loader

Characteristic
» the object code is stored in memory after assembly
» single JUMP instruction

Advantage
» simple, developing environment

Disadvantage
» whenever the assembly program is to be executed, it has to be
assembled again
» programs have to be coded in the same language
4
Design of an Absolute Loader

Absolute Program
» Advantage
– Simple and efficient
» Disadvantage
– the need for programmer to specify the actual address
– difficult to use subroutine libraries

Program Logic
5
Fig. 3.2 Algorithm for an absolute loader
Begin
read Header record
verify program name and length
read first Text record
while record type is not ‘E’ do
begin
{if object code is in character form, convert into internal
representation}
move object code to specified location in memory
read next object program record
end
jump to address specified in End record
end
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7
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Object Code Representation

Figure 3.1 (a)
» each byte of assembled code is given using its hexadecimal
representation in character form
» easy to read by human beings

In general
» each byte of object code is stored as a single byte
» most machine store object programs in a binary form
» we must be sure that our file and device conventions do not
cause some of the program bytes to be interpreted as control
characters
9
A Simple Bootstrap Loader

Bootstrap Loader
» When a computer is first tuned on or restarted, a special type
of absolute loader, called bootstrap loader is executed
» This bootstrap loads the first program to be run by the
computer -- usually an operating system

Example (SIC bootstrap loader)
» The bootstrap itself begins at address 0
» It loads the OS starting address 0x80
» No header record or control information, the object code is
consecutive bytes of memory
10
Fig. 3.3 SIC Bootstrap Loader Logic
Begin
X=0x80 (the address of the next memory location to be loaded
Loop
AGETC (and convert it from the ASCII character code to the value
of the hexadecimal digit)
save the value in the high-order 4 bits of S
AGETC
combine the value to form one byte A (A+S)
store the value (in A) to the address in register X
XX+1
GETC Aread one character
End
if A=0x04 then jump to 0x80
0~9 : 30~39
A~F : 41~46
if A<48 then GETC
A  A-48 (0x30)
if A<10 then return
A  A-7
return
11
Relocating Loaders

Motivation
» efficient sharing of the machine with larger memory and when
several independent programs are to be run together
» support the use of subroutine libraries efficiently

Two methods for specifying relocation
» modification record (Fig. 3.4, 3.5)
» relocation bit (Fig. 3.6, 3.7)
– each instruction is associated with one relocation bit
– these relocation bits in a Text record is gathered into bit
masks
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Modification Record


For complex machines
Also called RLD specification
» Relocation and Linkage Directory
Modification record
col 1: M
col 2-7: relocation address
col 8-9: length (halfbyte)
col 10: flag (+/-)
col 11-17: segment name
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Fig. 3.5
HCOPY 000000 001077
T000000 1D17202D69202D48101036032026...3F2FEC032010
T00001D130F20160100030F200D4B10105D3E2003454F46
T001035 1DB410B400B44075101000E32019...57C003B850
T0010531D3B2FEA1340004F0000F1B410...DF2008B850
T00070073B2FEF4F000005
M00000705+COPY
M00001405+COPY
M00002705+COPY
E000000
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Relocation Bit


For simple machines
Relocation bit
» 0: no modification is necessary
» 1: modification is needed

Text record
col 1: T
col 2-7: starting address
col 8-9: length (byte)
col 10-12: relocation bits
col 13-72: object code
Twelve-bit mask is used in each Text record
» since each text record contains less than 12 words
» unused words are set to 0
» any value that is to be modified during relocation must
coincide with one of these 3-byte segments
– e.g. line 210
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Fig. 3-7
HCOPY 000000 00107A
T0000001EFFC140033481039000036280030300015481061…
T00001E15E000C00364810610800334C0000454F46000003000000
T0010391EFFC040030000030E0105D30103FD8105D280030...
T0010570A 8001000364C0000F1001000
T00106119FE0040030E01079301064508039DC10792C0036...
E000000
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Program Linking

Goal
» Resolve the problems with EXTREF and EXTDEF from different
control sections (sec 2.3.5)

Example
» Program in Fig. 3.8 and object code in Fig. 3.9
» Use modification records for both relocation and linking
– address constant
– external reference
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0000
PROGA
0020
0023
0027
REF1
REF2
REF3
0040
LISTA
0054
0054
0057
005A
005D
0060
ENDA
REF4
REF5
REF6
REF7
REF8
START
0
EXTDEF LISTA, ENDA
EXTREF LISTB, ENDB, LISTC, ENDC
.
.
LDA
LISTA
+LDT
LISTB+4
LDX
#ENDA-LISTA
.
.
EQU
*
EQU
WORD
WORD
WORD
WORD
WORD
END
03201D
77100004
050014
*
ENDA-LISTA+LISTC
ENDC-LISTC-10
ENDC-LISTC+LISTA-1
ENDA-LISTA-(ENDB-LISTB)
LISTB-LISTA
REF1
000014
FFFFF6
00003F
000014
FFFFC0
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0000
PROGB
0036
003A
003D
REF1
REF2
REF3
0060
LISTB
0070
0070
0073
0076
0079
007C
ENDB
REF4
REF5
REF6
REF7
REF8
START
0
EXTDEF LISTB, ENDB
EXTREF LISTA, ENDA, LISTC, ENDC
.
.
+LDA
LISTA
LDT
LISTB+4
+LDX
#ENDA-LISTA
.
.
EQU
*
EQU
WORD
WORD
WORD
WORD
WORD
END
03100000
772027
*
ENDA-LISTA+LISTC
ENDC-LISTC-10
ENDC-LISTC+LISTA-1
ENDA-LISTA-(ENDB-LISTB)
LISTB-LISTA
05100000
000000
FFFFF6
FFFFFF
FFFFF0
000060
19
0000
PROGC
0018
001C
0020
REF1
REF2
REF3
0030
LISTC
0042
0042
0045
0045
004B
004E
ENDC
REF4
REF5
REF6
REF7
REF8
START
0
EXTDEF LISTC, ENDC
EXTREF LISTA, ENDA, LISTB, ENDB
.
.
+LDA
LISTA
+LDT
LISTB+4
+LDX
#ENDA-LISTA
.
.
EQU
*
EQU
WORD
WORD
WORD
WORD
WORD
END
03100000
77100004
05100000
*
ENDA-LISTA+LISTC
ENDC-LISTC-10
ENDC-LISTC+LISTA-1
ENDA-LISTA-(ENDB-LISTB)
LISTB-LISTA
000030
000008
000011
000000
000000
20
H PROGA 000000 000063
D LISTA 000040 ENDA 000054
R LISTB ENDB LISTC ENDC
.
.
T 000020 0A 03201D 77100004 050014
.
.
T 000054 0F 000014 FFFF6 00003F 000014 FFFFC0
M000024 05+LISTB
M000054 06+LISTC
M000057 06+ENDC
M000057 06 -LISTC
M00005A06+ENDC
M00005A06 -LISTC
M00005A06+PROGA
M00005D06-ENDB
M00005D06+LISTB
M00006006+LISTB
M00006006-PROGA
E000020
21
H PROGB 000000 00007F
D LISTB 000060 ENDB 000070
R LISTA ENDA LISTC ENDC
.
.
T 000036 0B 03100000 772027 05100000
.
.
T 000007 0F 000000 FFFFF6 FFFFFF FFFFF0 000060
M000037 05+LISTA
M00003E 06+ENDA
M00003E 06 -LISTA
M000070 06 +ENDA
M000070 06 -LISTA
M000070 06 +LISTC
M000079 06+ENDA
M000079 06 -LISTA
M000073 06 +ENDC
M00007C 06+PROGB
M000073 06 -LISTC
M00007C 06-LISTA
M000073 06 +ENDC
E
M000076 06 -LISTC
M000076 06+LISTA
22
H PROGC 000000 000051
D LISTC 000030 ENDC 000042
R LISTA ENDA LISTB ENDB
.
T 000018 0C 03100000 77100004 05100000
.
T 000042 0F 000030 000008 000011 000000 000000
M000019 05+LISTA
M00001D 06+LISTB
M000021 06+ENDA
M000021 06 -LISTA
M000042 06+ENDA
M000042 06 -LISTA
M000042 06+PROGC
M000048 06+LISTA
M00004B 06+ENDA
M00004B 006-LISTA
M00004B 06-ENDB
M00004B 06+LISTB
M00004E 06+LISTB
M00004E 06-LISTA
E
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Program Linking Example


Fig. 3.10
Load address for control sections
» PROGA
» PROGB
» PROGC

004000
004063
0040E2
63
7F
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Load address for symbols
» LISTA: PROGA+0040=4040
» LISTB: PROGB+0060=40C3
» LISTC: PROGC+0030=4112

REF4 in PROGA
» ENDA-LISTA+LISTC=14+4112=4126
» T0000540F000014FFFFF600003F000014FFFFC0
» M00005406+LISTC
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Program Logic and Data Structure

Two Passes Logic
» Pass 1: assign addresses to all external symbols
» Pass 2: perform the actual loading, relocation, and linking

ESTAB (external symbol table)
Control section
Progam A
Symbol
Address
4000
LISTA
4040
ENDA
4054
Program B
4063
LISTB
40C3
ENDB
40D3
Program C
40E2
LISTC
ENDC
4112
4124
Length
63
7F
51
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Pass 1 Program Logic

Pass 1:
» assign addresses to all external symbols

Variables & Data structures
»
»
»
»

PROGADDR (program load address) from OS
CSADDR (control section address)
CSLTH (control section length)
ESTAB
Fig. 3.11(a)
» Process Define Record
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Pass 2 Program Logic

Pass 2:
» perform the actual loading, relocation, and linking

Modification record
» lookup the symbol in ESTAB

End record for a main program
» transfer address

Fig. 3.11(b)
» Process Text record and Modification record
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Improve Efficiency

Use local searching instead of multiple searches of
ESTAB for the same symbol
» assign a reference number to each external symbol
» the reference number is used in Modification records

Implementation
» 01: control section name
» other: external reference symbols

Example
» Fig. 3.12
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Figure 3.12
Ref No.
1
Symbol
PROGA
Address
4000
2
LISTB
40C3
3
ENDB
40D3
4
LISTC
4112
5
ENDC
4124
Ref No.
1
Symbol
PROGB
Address
4063
Ref No.
1
Symbol
PROGC
Address
4063
2
LISTA
4040
2
LISTA
4040
3
ENDA
4054
3
ENDA
4054
4
LISTC
4112
4
LISTB
40C3
5
ENDC
4124
5
ENDB
40D3
PROGA
PROGB
PROGC
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Fig. 3-12 (a)
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Fig. 3-12 (b)
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