Transcript Internet Vulnerabilities & Criminal Activity

Internet Vulnerabilities &
Criminal Activity
Intellectual Property Crimes: Piracy,
Warez, & File Sharing Web Sites
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Intellectual Property
“Intangible property that is the
result of creativity”
Types of Intellectual Property
• Copyright
• Patent
• Trademark
• Trade Secret
Copyright
“Protection against the infringement of
certain exclusive rights in original works
of authorship fixed in any tangible
medium of expression”
“Prosecuting Intellectual Property Crimes” - DOJ 2006
Copyright Exclusive Rights
• Reproduction
• Public distribution
• Public performance
• Public display
• Preparation of derivative works.
Types of Mediums Covered
• Computer software
• Literary, musical, and dramatic works
• Motion pictures and sound recordings
• Pictorial, sculptural, and architectural
works
Exclusive Rights Time Limits
• Individual
• Life of individual + 70 year
• Corporation
• 95 years from date of first publication
or
• 120 years from date of creation
• Which ever is shorter
Exemptions to Copyright
• Fair Use
• May use a portion of copyrighted work for:
• Education
• Review
• Criticism
• Amount of copyrighted material use depends
upon:
• Amount used in relation to whole
• Impact on potential market
Exemptions to Copyright cont.
• First Sale
• May sell a legally obtain copy of
copyrighted works
• Public Domain
• Copyright has expired or work was not
given copyright protection
U. S. Copyright Laws
• US Copyright Law of 1976
• Modified several times
• Used for most copyright cases
• No Electronic Theft Act of 1997
• Do not need personal financial gain to
prove copyright infringement
• Can be charged just for uploading
copyrighted material to a file sharing site
U. S. Copyright Laws cont.
• Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998
• Addressed technology used for online file sharing
• Makes it illegal to circumvent copy protection
• Family Entertainment and Copyright Act 2005
• Increased penalty for:
• Sharing of prerelease works
• Storing copyrighted works as openly sharable files
Piracy
“The unauthorized replication and
distribution of Intellectual
Property”
Reasons for Piracy
• Belief it is a victimless crime
• Feeling that large corporations are
greedy
• Feeling that large corporations
misuse/take advantage of artists
• Belief one can get away with it
• Subculture mentality
How Piracy Works
• Source of pirated materials obtained by a
“release group”
• Sources paid top dollar for prerelease materials amount paid depends upon quality of copy
• Release group top members known only by
pseudonyms
• Copy placed on “topsites” by high ranking
members of the release group
• High speed sites used to download releases to
group members
How Piracy Works cont.
• Digital copies then places on facilitators
• P2P Internet portals
• Manages searching & organizing of files for
download
• Files downloaded by file sharers and
downloaders
• Once file copied, copy becomes a “seeder”
that can then be downloaded by someone
else
• Speed and availability of files grows exponentially
File Sharing Technology
• Peer-2-peer
• All connect machines can act as clients
and servers
• Bit Torrent
• Large files delivered in smaller pieces from
several different sources
Neutralization Mechanisms
used by Pirates
• Denial of responsibility
• Denial of injury
• Denial of victim
• Condemnation of condemners
• Appeal to higher authorities
Warez
“Illegally copied software, music,
movies, and computer games.”
Warez Release Groups
• Clandestine groups that collect and/or
exchange warez
• Some groups seek large collections of
warez
• Some specialize in particular type of
warez
• Some groups are archivist of out-of-date
games and software
Warez Groups’ Terminology
• Abandonwarez
• Out-of-date gamez, no longer supported by maker
• SiteOps
• Warez site operators
• Maintain & direct group activity
• Scripters
• Providers of programming needed to support site
• Equipment Suppliers
• Providers of hardware for site
• Hard drives, servers
Warez Groups’ Terminology
cont.
• Suppliers
•
•
•
•
Those with access to copyrighted goods
Employees of media companies
Critics or reviewers
Movie projectionists - cammers
• Couriers
• Gather stolen materials from suppliers
• Upload to warez site
• Preers
• Prerelease couriers
• 0-Day
• First 24 hours of newly released warez
Warez Groups Description
• Excitement of belonging to an underground
community
• Groups compete for latest releases
• Foster a sense of community for those
estranged from society
• Do not seek material gain
• Self described “Cyber Anarchists”
• Pursuit of Warez groups has pushed them
further underground