Transcript Final Review - Mrs. Knape's Biology Class

FINAL REVIEW
http://sites.google.com/site/thebiosite/
What are the parts of an experiment?
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Observation
Hypothesis
Experiment
Data Collection
Conclusion
Retest
What are the variables of an
experiment?
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Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the productivity of workers.
He creates two groups of 50 workers each and assigns each group the same
task (in this case, they're supposed to staple a set of papers). Group A is
given the special juice to drink while they work. Group B is not given the
special juice. After an hour, Smithers counts how many stacks of papers each
group has made. Group A made 1,587 stacks, Group B made 2,113 stacks.
Independent Variable

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Dependent Variable
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Special juice
How many stacks are made
Control Variable
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No special juice given (normal group)
What is the relationship between the
variables?

Independent Variable
Manipulated by the scientist
 The scientist applies this variable to a group
 Graphed on the X axis
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Dependent Variable
Measured by the scientist
 What are you counting?
 Graphed on the Y axis
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Control Variable
Used for comparison
 Usually the group that received nothing special!
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What is an experimental control?
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Lisa is working on a science project. Her
task is to answer the question: "Does
Rogooti (which is a commercial hair
product) affect the speed of hair growth".
Her family is willing to volunteer for the
experiment.
Set up an experiment to test this.
What would the independent variable
be?
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What would the dependent variable be?
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Whether a family member gets Rogooti or
not.
Hair growth
What would the control be?

The family members that do NOT get Rogooti
What is a conclusion?

Lisa is working on a science project. Her
task is to answer the question: "Does
Rogooti (which is a commercial hair
product) affect the speed of hair
growth". Her family is willing to
volunteer for the experiment.
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Marge and Homer used Rogooti and grew
14 inches of hair in two weeks. An inch a
day.
Maggie and Bart did NOT use Rogooti and
grew 2 cm of hair in two weeks.
An answer to the experiment
based on data obtained.
 Should
be LOGICAL!
What is some evidence that supports
the conclusion?

Lisa is working on a science project. Her task is
to answer the question: "Does Rogooti (which is
a commercial hair product) affect the speed of
hair growth". Her family is willing to volunteer
for the experiment.

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Marge and Homer used Rogooti and grew 14 inches
of hair in two weeks. An inch a day.
Maggie and Bart did NOT use Rogooti and grew 2
cm of hair in two weeks.
What should Lisa conclude?
How would she represent this
information?
What are trends in graphs?

Negative (inverse)
 When
one increases, the other
decreases
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Positive (direct)
 When
one increases, the other
increases OR when one decreases,
the other decreases

No relationship
 One
has NO EFFECT on the other.
Why do scientists repeat experiments?
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In order to verify results, experiments must be
RETESTED!
It adds validity to the findings.
How do scientists communicate
findings?

When scientists want to communicate the results of
their experiment, they use SCIENTIFIC JOURNALS or
other publications!
How does society influence scientific
studies?

What do you think?
How does scientific study influence
society?

What do you think?
What is pure and applied science?

Pure Science
 Answers
questions about phenomena
and mechanisms in the natural world.
 Why do you do it?
 Because

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we wanted to know!
EX. Studying the ICE MAN
Applied Science
 Application
of scientific knowledge to
practical problems.
 Why do you do it?
 To
fight disease, identify criminals, learn
how to store hazardous wastes…etc.
What are the characteristics of life?
1. have cells
2. reproduce
3. have DNA
4. grow and develop
5. obtain and use energy
6. respond to their environment
7. maintain homeostasis
8. evolve over time
What are the levels of organization in
living things?

From small to LARGE!
 Atoms
 Molecules/Compounds
 Organelle
 Cells
 Tissues
 Organ
 Organ
system
 Organism
What are the four types of carbonbased molecules?
Carbon-Based
Molecule
What structures
in the cell are
they a part of?
What are the
momomers?
What are the
polymers?
Nucleic Acids
In the nucleus
nucleotides
DNA
Proteins
Transport proteins
in the cell
membrane
Amino acids
Leucine (protein)
Lipids
Makes up the
majority of the cell
membrane
triglycerides
Phospholipids
Carbohydrates
Identification
chains on the cell
membrane
monosaccharides
cellulose
What are Macromolecules?

They are POLYmers
 made
of many smaller units
called MONOmers
 Carbohydrates
 Lipids
 Proteins
 Nucleic

Acids
They are ORGANIC
 That
means they all have
CARBON!
What are the building blocks of
macromolecules?

The MONOmers of each
of the macromolecules
are:
 Carbohydrates
are made
of MONOSACCHARIDES
 Lipids are made of
TRIGLYCERIDES
 Proteins are made of
AMINO ACIDS
 Nucleic acids are made
of NUCLEOTIDES
What macromolecule makes the cell
membrane?
Lipids

What are the characteristics of
enzymes?
1. They are PROTEINS!
2. They SPEED UP the RATE
of chemical reactions by
LOWERING ACTIVATION
ENERGY
3. They are REUSABLE. They
can be used over and over
again.
4. They are SPECIFIC. An
enzyme only works on very
specific substrates
What is the cell theory?
1. All organisms are
made of cells.
2. Cells are the basic unit
of structure and
function in living things.
3. All cells come from
pre-existing cells.
What technology lead to the cell
theory?
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MICROSCOPES!!!!
What are prokaryotes?
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Pro= EARLY
Karyo= NUT
They lack a nucleus and other
membrane bound organelles.
Are single celled
Bacteria and Archaea
What are eukaryotes?
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Eu = GOOD
Karyo = NUT
They have a nucleus and
membrane bound
organelles.
They can be single celled
or multicellular
They are plants and
animals
What is the difference between
prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes
More primitive
Lacks a nucleus and
membrane bound
organelles
Unicellular
Bacteria and Archaea
Eukaryotes
Has a nucleus and
membrane bound
organelles
Multicellular
Plant and Animal Cells
DNA scientists
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Griffiths: bacteria transforming principle – came
up with idea that DNA was transforming principle
Avery: furthered Griffiths work – said DNA was
genetic material
Hershey and Chase: Worked bacteria phages
Wilkins and Franklin: x-ray diffraction images
Watson and Crick: built DNA double helix model
Chargaff: discovered base pairing
Hooke: discovered cells
What are the cells organelles and their
functions?
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Nucleus
 Control
center of the cell,
contains DNA
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Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Creates
lipids, detoxifies the
cell, and involved in cell
metabolism
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Creates
proteins for use by
the body and cell.
What are the cells organelles and
their functions?
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Ribosomes
 Assist
in the assembly of proteins
 Involved in DNA translation and transcription
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Golgi Apparatus
 Packages

and modifies proteins for export
Mitochondria
 Powerhouse
 Creates

of the cell
ATP
Lysosome
 Is
the “stomach” of the cell, breaks down molecules
 Programmed for cell death
What is another name for the cell
membrane?
Fluid
Mosaic
Model

What is the function of water in a plant cell?
Maintains
the cell
shape
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What is the difference between the
mitochondria and chloroplast?
MITOCHONDRIA
CHLOROPLAST
Present in PLANTS and
ANIMALS
Present in PLANTS ONLY
Where CELLULAR
RESPIRATION takes place
Where PHOTOSYNTHESIS
takes place
Has a MATRIX, CRISTAE,
and a DOUBLE MEMBRANE
Has GRANA, THYLAKOIDS,
and CHLOROPHYLL
What is the structure and function of
the cell membrane?
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Cell Membrane
 Lipid
bi-layer (made of fats)
 Has “tags” that allow white blood cells to identify it
as part of the body
 Controls what enters and leaves the cell
 Is
the “bouncer” of the cell
Cell Transport
Passive Transport
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Transport down the
concentration gradient
Does not require
energy
Active Transport
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Transport against the
concentration gradient
Requires energy - ATP
What are some mechanisms of cellular
transport?
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Osmosis
Passive Transport
 Does
NOT require
energy

Active Transport
 Requires
(ATP)
Energy
What is diffusion?
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Passive Transport
 Requires

NO ENERGY
Simple diffusion
 Down
a concentration gradient
 Solutes automatically diffuse from HIGH to LOW
concentration
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Facilitated diffusion
 Down
a concentration gradient
 Solutes diffuse from HIGH to LOW concentration
 Solutes USE A PROTEIN to help them cross the lipid bilayer
Facilitated Diffusion
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Passive transport
Aided by a
transport protein
What are the special properties of
water?
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Water is POLAR
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Water is a UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
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With time, water can dissolve almost any substance.
Water has CAPILLARY ACTION
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The molecule has a positive and negative side.
Oxygen is an electron hog, and will be slightly negative.
It can move up a narrow tube AGAINST the force of gravity
Water has ADHESION and COHESION
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Adhesion – water and other substance (like glass) cling
together
Cohesion – water and water cling together
What is osmosis?

The diffusion of water
across a semi-permeable
membrane
 Is
passive diffusion
 Requires NO energy
 Water will go from an area
of LOW solute
concentration to HIGH
solute concentration
 Think
of a tea bag in water
What are isotonic, hypotonic, and
hypertonic solutions?
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Isotonic
 Solute
concentration is
the same inside and
outside the cell.
 Water moves equally
into and out of the
cell.
 Normal
Cell
What are isotonic, hypotonic, and
hypertonic solutions?
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Hypotonic
 Solute
concentration
outside the cell is LOWER
than solute concentration
inside the cell.
 Water is moving INSIDE
the cell
 Cell

swells and burst
cytolysis
What are isotonic, hypotonic, and
hypertonic solutions?
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Hypertonic
 Solute
concentration
outside the cell is HIGHER
than solute concentration
inside the cell.
 Water is moving OUTSIDE
the cell.
 Cell

shrinks
plasmolysis
What are some energy storing
molecules?
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Plants use
STARCH
Animals use
GLYCOGEN
and
TRIGLYCERIDES
 Sugar
and fat
What is photosynthesis?

A process to capture energy from sunlight
to make sugars.
 Takes
place in the CHLOROPLASTS
 Uses the light capturing molecule
chlorophyll
 Includes


Photosystem II
Photosystem I
 Includes

the Light Reaction
the Dark Reaction
Calvin Cycle
 6CO2
+ 6H2O
Carbon Dioxide + Water
C6H12O6 + 6O2
Glucose + Oxygen
What is made during photosynthesis?
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sugar –
glucose
Oxygen
What is cellular respiration?

Releases chemical energy from sugars and
other carbon based molecules to make ATP
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Takes place in the MITOCHONDRIA
Both PLANTS & ANIMALS undergo cellular respiration

Includes Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and the Electron
Transport Chain

Can include Fermentation
 Lactic Acid Fermentation in Animals
 Alcoholic Fermentation in plants
 C6H12O6
+ 6O2
a sugar + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O
carbon dioxide + water
What is made during cellular respiration?
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Carbon Dioxide

Water
What is the difference between
photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis
Organelle for Process
Cellular Respiration
Chloroplast
Mitochondria
Reactants
CO2 and H2O
Sugar (C6H12O6) and
O2
Electron Transport
Chain
Proteins in the
chloroplast
Proteins in the
mitochondria
Cycle of Chemical
Reactions
Calvin Cycle builds
the sugar molecule
(C6H12O6)
Krebs Cycle breaks
down the sugar
molecule (C6H12O6)
Sugar (C6H12O6) and
O2
CO2 and H2O
Products
What does anaerobic and aerobic
mean?
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Anaerobic
 An
= not
 Aerob = uses oxygen
 Processes
or organisms that do not require oxygen
 Ex. Glycolysis and fermentation

Aerobic
 Aerob
= uses oxygen
 Processes
or organisms that do require oxygen
 Ex. Cellular Respiration
What is Interphase?

G1
 Cell
grows
 During G0, the cell does its
job

S
 Cell

replicates its DNA
G2
 Cell
grows again
 ALL
of these are
INTERPHASE!
What are the purposes and processes
of Mitosis?
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Division of the nucleus
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Includes 4 steps
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Used for repair and growth
Only happens in EUKARYOTIC cells
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Results in:

TWO genetically IDENTICAL daughter
cells
What are the purposes and processes
of Meiosis?
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Produces gametes (egg or sperm)
Includes 8 steps
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Prophase I
Metaphase I
Anaphase I
Telophase I
Prophase II
Metaphase II
Anaphase II
Telophase II
Results in:

4 genetically DIFFERENT HAPLOID daughter
cells.
What is the difference between mitosis
and meiosis?
What is the difference between
mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis
Meiosis
# of divisions
1
2
# of daughter cells
2
4
Genetically Identical
Yes
No
Chromosome #
46 (diploid)
23 (haploid)
Where
Somatic (body) cells
Germ cells
When
Throughout life
After puberty
Role
Growth and repair
Sexual reproduction
What does haploid and diploid mean?

Diploid
 Di
= two
 Ploid = chromosomes
 Having
two chromosomes for each trait
 In humans 46 (normal body cells)

Haploid
 Hap
= half or one
 Ploid = chromosomes
 Having
one chromosome for each trait
 In humans 23 (gamete; egg or sperm)
Who identified the structure and
function of DNA?
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Fredrick Griffith was
experimenting with two forms of
bacteria (S and R form).

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After heat-killing S bacteria, and
mixing it with R bacteria, he found
that the R bacteria had transformed
into S bacteria.
He called this the “transforming
principle”.
Avery, Hershey, and Chase
confirmed that the “transforming
principle was DNA.
Who identified the structure and
function of DNA?

Rosalind Franklin
and Maurice
Wilkins
 Took
x-ray photos
of DNA

James Watson and
Francis Crick
 Interpreted
photos
to figure out that
DNA was a twisted
double helix
What is the function of DNA?
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
Stores genetic information
Contains instructions for making PROTEINS
What are the components of DNA?


DNA is a polymer made of
nucleotides.
The nucleotides have a phosphate,
sugar, and nitrogenous base.
 There
are four different types of
nitrogenous bases.
 Adenine
 Thymine
 Cytosine
 Guanine
How do you get from DNA to
chromosomes to genes?



DNA has ALL genetic
information
DNA is coiled into
chromosomes during
replication
Chromosomes contain
genes that will become
traits
What is the difference between DNA
and RNA?
DNA
Purpose
Carries genetic
information
RNA
Assists in “reading”
the information on
DNA
Structure
Double stranded
Single stranded
Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
Bases
Adenine
Adenine
Guanine
Guanine
Cytosine
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
What are genetics?

The science of heredity and the interaction between
genes and the environment.