Transcript Slide 1

INTEGRATING A GENDER PERSPECTIVE
INTO TIME USE STATISTICS
SESSION 8
Workshop on Improving the Integration of a Gender Perspective into Statistics ,
Amman, Jordan 1 – 4 December 2014
Neda Jafar, Head
Statistical Policy and Coordination Unit- UNESCWA
[email protected]
OUTLINE
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TUS Background
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Objectives and implications for gender
statistics
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Unpaid work and satellite accounts
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Methods of collection and classification
ORIGIN AND HISTORY
Sharp increase in interest
– focus on gender and
unpaid work - BPoA –
suitable means to
recognize and make
visible the full extent of
the work of women
Alexandre Szalai
USSR 1st attempt
at international
comparison – 12
countries harmonization
20th
Century
Use of labor force
Industrialization
Effects on society
1960s
1980s
Focus on paid work –
Productivity-Small
samples – Variousgovernment agencies
– not statistical offices
- Low interestCommercial purposes
– use of leisure time
1990s
TUS SURVEYS
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TUS since 1990:
Over 185 Time use surveys were conducted worldwide
50% in “developing countries”
50% in “developed countries” (total of 35 countries only)
In total 86 distinct countries:
28 “developed countries” (that is 80% of developed countries
which conducted a TUS)
58 “developing countries” (that is around 36% of developing
countries which conducted a TUS)
At the regional level implemented by
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Morocco (1997 and 2011);
Oman (2000 and 2008);
Iraq (2007)
Palestine (2012)
Qatar (2013)
IMPORTANCE OF TUS
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Central and strategic importance for policy & research
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Wide range of applications to study social change, division of
labour, allocation of time for housework and care work, etc.
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Identified as :
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(a) crucial non-monetary data for the analysis of
productive household activities
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(b) a common source using a common unit of measure
for fundamental descriptive data not otherwise
obtainable on human activities in various fields of
social, demographic and related economic statistics.
Why women are having difficulty in
accessing the market ?
EXAMPLES FROM ARAB REPORTS
In Iraq difference of responsibilities
between women and men at home
•
preparing food•
cleaning house •
care of children •
Men
Women
House keeping •
Ti
m
e
(m
in/
da
y
Level of Education in Oman and distribution of time
‫ٌعمان‬
University Diploma Secondary Primary Literate Illiterate
House keeping and
Shopping
{
Care of children
and elderly
OMAN : RURAL WOMEN DO NOT DIFFER FROM
URBAN WOMEN IN DEVOTING TIME TO THEIR
HOUSE ACTIVITIES
THE QUESTION THEREFORE WHETHER WORKING WOMEN
IN MARKET DO USE LESS TIME WORKING AT HOME
ACTIVE
WOMEN
NON
ACTIVE
WOMEN
In Morocco data show the double
role women play outside and
inside their homes
WHAT ARE TIME USE STATISTICS?
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Quantitative summaries of how individuals “spend” or
allocate their time over a specified period (typically over the
24 hours of a day or over the 7 days of a week)
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They shed light on:
 What individuals in the reference population do or the
activities they engage in
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How much time is spent doing each of these activities
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In what context the activity took place
OBJECTIVES OF TUS
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Time-use surveys can have different objectives, i.e., be
designed to study particular sets of activities.
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TUS objectives shape the survey’s methodological approach.
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These objectives vary from region to region, and from country
to country.
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An important feature of these objectives is that they must be
stated in ways that make them relevant for planning,
monitoring and evaluating policy
REGIONAL OBJECTIVES
OUTCOME OF REGIONAL WORKSHOP 2012
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Improve the estimates of SNA Work in primary production
activities (animal rearing, rural production for own consumption,
etc.) and in fetching wood and water, as well as the estimates of
Labour Force Participation, in particular regarding to the informal
economy;
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Highlight the gender inequalities and gaps in total work (paid and
unpaid); in housework and care work; in access to education; in
access to technology, sports, personal care, leisure, etc.;
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Highlight the inequalities in the provision of care, and in the
access to care services, across gender, rural/urban, and income
lines;
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Highlight the effects of the lack of infrastructure (roads, wells,
public transportation, social infrastructure) in the use of time.
IMPLICATIONS FOR GENDER STATISTICS
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The need to improve the measurement of unpaid activities
and household production coincides with the general aim of
integrating gender perspectives into official statistics
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Reveals activities and social phenomena which are not well
captured in traditional statistical system
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It highlights numerous and complexity of inequalities
between women and men are numerous and complex
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It corrects and completes the measures of GDP when
women’s contribution to work is measured in an economy
General production activities
SNA production activities
General production boundary
Unpaid Work
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SNA production boundary
Cleaning, servicing, repairs
Preparation and serving of meals
Care, training and instruction of children
Care of sick, infirm and elderly
Unpaid volunteer services to other
households, community, associations
UNPAID WORK
Limitations of conventional labour statistics:
 Activities that contribute to the production of
goods and services as defined by the SNA and
cover mainly market activities and some unpaid
non-market activities.
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Unpaid work referring to own account production
of services are outside the general boundary of
SNA and therefore not covered at all
UNPAID WORK
Examples of unpaid work:
 Unpaid domestic services for own final use within
household: cleaning, cooking, do-it-yourslf
decoration
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Unpaid caregiving services to household
members: childcare, adultcare…
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Community services and help to other households:
volunteering, repairs of dwellings…
UNPAID WORK
Why is it important for gender statistics?
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Measuring unpaid work is crucial in making the
contribution of women to the economy and society
more visible.
Example: Philippines
- unpaid work adds 66% to the GDP
- women’s share in GDP rose from 39% to 47%
- women account for 60% of all unpaid work
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Women, more often than men, tend to be involved and
spend a great amount of time in unpaid work in the
home and community.
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When only cash transactions are taken into account in
measuring the economic production, a large portion of
women’s work remains unaccounted for.
UNPAID WORK: IRAQ
Time Spent on Paid and Unpaid Work
in Iraq (in mn)
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Iraq (2007) (10+)
700
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600
500
400
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300
200
100
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0
Rural
Urban
Rural
Women
Urban
Men
Paid
Rural
Urban
Rural
Women
Urban
Men
Unpaid
Men and women spend about
the same amount of time
working: 6 hours a day.
However, females spent 4 hours
a day more than males on
unpaid work in urban areas
While males spent 3.5 hours a
day more than females on paid
work in urban areas and 1.5 hr a
day in rural areas.
While nearly 60% of males’ work
is paid, almost 60% of females’
work is unpaid.
SATELLITE ACCOUNTS
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Definition: the System of National Accounts recommends the
use of supplementary accounts for nonmarket activities rather
than the expansion of existing accounts.
Allow for experimentation with changes in scope and
measurement.
Consistent and could be used with the existing national
accounts without overburdening them
SATELLITE ACCOUNTS
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Direct application of measuring unpaid work:
estimating household production in satellite
accounts that extend measurement of gross
domestic product (GDP) to include non-SNA
production
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Makes the national accounts more complete
and comparable across countries
SATELLITE ACCOUNTS: MAJOR CHALLENGE
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How to valuate household time: different approaches
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Opportunity cost approach: Focus on the intrinsic
productivity of the individual. Time spent on doing
unpaid work valued as potential time non spent on the
labour market regardless of the activity
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Market price approach: Focus on the specificity of the
unpaid activity which is done. Valued as if it was done by
a professional. Within: different concepts and methods
to determine the exact hourly compensation
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TUS data should be in line with the concepts and the
availability of Labour statistics
TUS DESIGN COMPONENTS
Classification of Activities
Choose the words from ICATUS
Activity
Selection
Survey
24-hour activity diary
Design
Classification
Mode of Data
Collection
Activity diary
of Activities
administered
Type of
24-hour recall activity diary
Survey
Short tasks lists
Instrument
Tasks/activity lists
“pre-set”
Wording is important
Self-
List of
Stylised activity diaries
Activities
Exhaustive activity lists
Interview
STYLIZED QUESTIONNAIRES
Specific questions where
the respondents need to
recall the amount of time
spent on the related
activities.
 May target specific
activities or be designed
to be as exhaustive as
possible so as to capture
a complete period of time
(24 hours, a week)
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24 HOUR DIARY
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Writing verbatim
descriptions of activities
that are coded later on to
an activity classification
“Full” diary
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Restricts activity
descriptions to a limited
categorization of “precoded” activities “Light”
diary
RECORDING TIME
2 main choices:
 Fixed intervals: non- overlapping
segments of uniform length
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Open recording: the respondent
reports start and finish times of
each activity
SIMULTANEOUS ACTIVITIES
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SIMULTANEOUS ACTIVITIES
“Multi-tasking”
 Importance to
gender statistics?
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Many unpaid work
activities are done
simultaneously
Record all? Record
two? Record three?
Weaknesses
Strengths
Stylized diaries
24-hour diaries
Strengths
Weaknesses
Stylized diaries
- Used to supplement 24 hours diaries
- Preferable for specific short time
- Ease of fieldwork (inter viewers have
easier task)
-Ease of data processing (acts. are precoded)
- Less expensive
24-hour diaries
Strengths
Weaknesses
Stylized diaries
- Used to supplement 24 hours diaries
- Preferable for specific short time
- Ease of fieldwork (inter viewers have
easier task)
-Ease of data processing (acts. are precoded)
- Less expensive
- Level of aggregation means missing
activities (never comprehensive)
- Problems of phrasing and ordering
- Do not cater for simultaneous activities
-No need for activity classification (there
are no hierarchical codes)
- High degree of errors
- Under or over reporting of socially
marked activities (ex: childcare versus
watching television)
- Memory recall errors
24-hour diaries
Strengths
Weaknesses
Stylized diaries
24-hour diaries
Used to supplement 24 hours diaries
- Covers 24 hours
- Preferable for specific short time
- Provides information on the duration and
- Ease of fieldwork (inter viewers have timing of the activities – accurate data
easier task)
- Provides information on simultaneous
-Ease of data processing (acts. are pre- activities
coded)
- Could be adapted to facilitate fieldwork
- Less expensive
-ICATUS
-More flexible and more powerful for data
dissemination
- Level of aggregation means missing
activities (never comprehensive)
- Problems of phrasing and ordering
- Do not cater for simultaneous activities
-No need for activity classification (there
are no hierarchical codes)
- High degree of errors
- Under or over reporting of socially
marked activities (ex: childcare versus
watching television)
- Memory recall errors
Strengths
Weaknesses
Stylized diaries
24-hour diaries
-Used to supplement 24 hours diaries
- Covers 24 hours
- Preferable for specific short time
- Provides information on the duration and
- Ease of fieldwork (inter viewers have timing of the activities – accurate data
easier task)
- Provides information on simultaneous
-Ease of data processing (acts. are pre- activities
coded)
- Could be adapted to facilitate fieldwork
- Less expensive
-ICATUS
-More flexible and more powerful for data
dissemination
- Level of aggregation means missing
activities (never comprehensive)
- Problems of phrasing and ordering
- Do not cater for simultaneous activities
-No need for activity classification (there
are no hierarchical codes)
- High degree of errors
- Under or over reporting of socially
marked activities (ex: childcare versus
watching television)
- Memory recall errors
- Complex to process (coding)
- More costly in terms of data collection and
data coding
- Burden on the respondents (pressure on
the participation rates)
CONTEXTUAL VARIABLES
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… describe the
conditions in
which an
activity takes
place
Context variables
 What for?
 For whom?
 With whom?
 Paid or non-paid
activity?
 Location of the
activity?
THE NATURE OF THE CONTEXTUAL VARIABLES
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The statistician should select the relevant
contextual variable required for the main
purposes of the survey. Especially, they should
be in line with the classification
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Example: For unpaid work, whether the activity
is “paid” , for whom
THE POSITION OF THE CONTEXTUAL VARIABLES
There are 3 locations to collect contextual variables (diary-based
survey):
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The diary (for each activity)
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The household/individual questionnaire (characteristics of the
formal work)
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Within the classification (“I cook” vs “I cook for my kids”)
The position is strategic because it will determine the scope of
the areas that could be covered
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Example: Unpaid work and Informal Employment
TIME ALLOCATION BY ACTIVITY
TYPE OF ACTIVITY
Productive
(Work)
Non-productive
(Personal)
SNA work
Learning
Non-SNA work
Socializing & community participation
Culture, sports, 'pastime' activities
Use of mass media
Personal care and maintenance
Social and Housing Statistics Section
unstats.un.org
Hierarchical structure
15 major divisions
two-digit code
15
54 divisions
three-digit code
92 groups
four-digit code
200 classes
five-digit code
363 sub-classes
six-digit code
Social and Housing Statistics Section
unstats.un.org
Major Divisions of ICATUS 2012 (provisional)
Productive activities
Within SNA productive
boundary
Outside SNA
productive boundary
Non-productive
(personal)
01 Employment in the formal
sector
06 Household – services
for own use
09 Learning
02 Household – production
of primary goods
07 Household – unpaid
care
10 Socializing
03 Household – production
of non-primary of goods
08 Household – volunteer
work
11 Cultural, entertainment
04 Household – Construction
12 Hobbies, games
05 Household – services for
income
13 Sports
14 Mass media
15 Personal care
Social and Housing Statistics Section
unstats.un.org
ICATUS IMPLEMENTATION – IMPLICATION FOR TUS
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Implementing ICATUS has implications for the design
of the survey instrument, since the questions, among
other topics, should provide answers to:
 What
 The
was the activity?
purpose of the activity, enabling to distinguish
between formal, informal and unpaid work
(example of cooking)
THE CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES
•
Reflects the most recurrent activities at the country level (through
pilot or previous survey)
•
Detailed enough to identify separately activities mainly undertaken by
women or by men
•
Example: ICATUS
Particularly in line with the SNA
Oriented to measure unpaid work and set up satellite accounts
Trial version since 2005 but finalization in progress (Expert Group
Meeting in 2012)
Expected to be finalized by 2015
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CONCLUSION
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TUS transversal topic: opportunity to gather
statisticians from diverse backgrounds
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Gender statisticians should intervene in two main
phases of the survey:
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1)
Conception phase: Inform the general public and the
administration of the benefits of conducting a TUS
(especially because they are costly and need the
support of many stakeholders)
Participate in the Task force in charge of elaborating
the survey
CONCLUSION
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Conduct TUS survey at least once in ten years
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Implement international
guidelines and statistical
standards UN “Guide” to
producing Statistics on Time
Use”
The statistical community recognizes that the
24 hour diary is the best instrument to collect
Time Use data To avoid biases in activity
reporting including gender bias.
Thank you