Transcript Kinetic Theory of Matter - Evesham Township School District

Kinetic Theory
of Matter
All matter is made of
atoms which are
constantly moving
As energy is added, the
atoms move faster
Keep adding energy and
the atoms keep picking up
speed
Temperature
The average speed of
the atoms in a substance
Thermometer
Equipment used to measure temperature
When a thermometer is put in contact with
a surface, the atoms of the substance and
the atoms of the thermometer begin
colliding. As they bump into each other,
the atoms in the thermometer and the
substance begin to travel at the same
speed!
How does energy get transferred?
When objects with 2 different temperatures
are mixed, the faster atoms slow down
and the slower atoms speed up.
History of the Thermometer
One of the first known
thermometers were
invented by our old friend
Galileo!
He put a glass bulb at the end of a long
tube. When the bulb was heated or
cooled, liquid moved up and down the
tube
Galileo’s First Thermometer
1593 AD
How does Galileo’s thermometer
work?
As atoms gain energy, they go faster
As they go faster the atoms collide more
vigorously
As they begin to hit each other harder, they
begin to bounce further apart. The object
expands
History of the Thermometer
What happens to the density of
the oil as it is heated?
Does the volume change?
Does the mass change?
What happens to the density of the globe?
Objects float according to density.
If each globe has a slightly different
density, it will float at a slightly
different temperature!
History of the Thermometer
Unfortunately Galileo’s
thermometers were not very
accurate
They were also too bulky to use for
many experiments.
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
1724
Dan was an EXPERT glassblower and
sold measuring devices. He was
familiar with Galileo’s idea, and new
technology made it possible to invent
a thinner glass tube and bulb.
The zero point is determined by
placing the thermometer in a
mixture of ice, water, and
ammonium chloride, a salt.
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
1724
Daniel found some
interesting facts
•Pure clean water ALWAYS
boils at 212o
•Most people normally have
the same temperature of
98.6o
•Pure clean water ALWAYS
freezes at 32o on his
thermometer
Anders Celsius
1742
Anders didn’t like Fahrenheit’s system. The
thermometers were great, but the numbers
didn’t make any sense to him
•Reproducing the scale was difficult
•Doing Math calculations were difficult
•There was no pattern
Sound familiar ?
Anders Celsius
1742
Anders started with a blank thermometer
•He used freezing water and made a
mark
He made this 0o
Anders Celsius
1742
Anders started with a blank thermometer
•He boiled water and
made a second mark
He made this 100o
To finish the thermometer,
make marks at equal
increments
Anders Celsius
1742
Anders started with a blank thermometer
He called this the
CENTIGRADE scale
(centi means 1/100th)
Mercury
More sensitive
Toxic
Absorbed through the skin
Evaporates and can be breathed in
Lord Kelvin
1848
Used Celsius’ thermometer,
But started at the coldest temperature
possible
Absolute Zero
−273.15
°C
Absolute Zero
−273.15
°C
Atoms overlap and form one big “Superatom”
Material becomes a superconductor
Chemical reactions may actually get FASTER?
How cold is it?

The lowest temperature ever recorded
was in September 2003, when scientists at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
announced that they'd chilled a cloud of
sodium atoms to a record-breaking 0.45
nanokelvin.
(that’s .000 000 00045 K)
Converting Kelvin
When using
formulas for heat,
temperature is
usually measured
in Kelvin
K = oC + 273
oC
= K - 273
Absolute Hot
Planck temperature, which has the
value of 1.4 x 1032 Kelvin.
At this temperature all matter is
destroyed into a mixed mush of
indistinguishable hot atom sludge.
Absolute Hot
 Scientists
have created the hottest
temperature ever seen on earth - an
astonishing four trillion degrees
Celsius. (4x1012)


The record breaking temperature is 250,000 times warmer
than the centre of the sun and was last seen in the
universe a split second after the Big Bang.
The explosions lasted for less than a billionth of a second,
in a giant atom smasher at New York's Brookhaven
National Laboratory
Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article1251256/Scientists-create-hottest-temperature-Big-Bang-250-000-times-warmer-centre-sun.html#ixzz1iUSa2AMM