Transcript IMMIGRANTS AND URBANIZATION

IMMIGRANTS AND
URBANIZATION
AMERICA BECOMES A
MELTING POT IN THE LATE
19TH & EARLY 20TH CENTURY
SECTION 1:THE NEW
IMMIGRANTS
 Millions of immigrants
entered the U.S. in the
late 19th and early 20th
centuries
 Some came to escape
difficult conditions,
others known as “birds
of passage” intended to
stay only temporarily to
earn money, and then
return to their homeland
EUROPEANS
 Between 1870 and 1920,
about 20 million
Europeans arrived in the
United States
 Before 1890, most were
from western and
northern Europe
 After 1890, most came
from southern and
eastern Europe
 All were looking for
opportunity
CHINESE
 Between 1851 and
1882, about 300,000
Chinese arrived on the
West Coast
 Some were attracted
by the Gold Rush,
others went to work
for the railroads,
farmed or worked as
domestic servants
 An anti-Chinese
immigration act by
Congress curtailed
immigration after 1882
Many Chinese men
worked for the railroads
JAPANESE
 In 1884, the Japanese
government allowed
Hawaiian planters to
recruit Japanese
workers
 The U.S. annexation of
Hawaii in 1898 increased
Japanese immigration to
the west coast
 By 1920, more than
200,000 Japanese lived
on the west coast
THE WEST INDIES AND
MEXICO
 Between 1880 and 1920,
about 260,000 immigrants
arrived in the eastern and
southeastern United
States form the West
Indies
 They came from Jamaica,
Cuba, Puerto Rico, and
other islands
 Mexicans, too, immigrated
to the U.S. to find work
and flee political turmoil –
700,000 Mexicans arrived
in the early 20th century
LIFE IN THE NEW LAND
 In the late 19th century
most immigrants arrived
via boats
 The trip from Europe
took about a month, while
it took about 3 weeks
from Asia
 The trip was arduous and
many died along the way
 Destination was Ellis
Island for Europeans, and
Angel Island for Asians
ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK
 Ellis Island was the arrival
point for European
immigrants
 They had to pass inspection
at the immigration stations
 Processing took hours, and
the sick were sent home
 Immigrants also had to
show that they were not
criminals, had some money
($25), and were able to work
 From 1892-1924, 17 million
immigrants passed through
Ellis Island’s facilities
ELLIS ISLAND, NEW YORK HARBOR
ANGEL ISLAND, SAN
FRANCISCO
 Asians, primarily
Chinese, arriving on the
West Coast gained
admission at Angel
Island in the San
Francisco Bay
 Processing was much
harsher than Ellis
Island as immigrants
withstood tough
questioning and long
detentions in filthy
conditions
ANGEL ISLAND WAS CONSIDERED MORE
HARSH THAN ELLIS ISLAND
FRICTION DEVELOPS
 While some immigrants tried to
assimilate into American culture,
others kept to themselves and
created ethnic communities
 Committed to their own culture,
but also trying hard to become
Americans, many came to think
of themselves as ItalianAmericans, Polish-Americans,
Chinese-Americans, etc
 Some native born Americans
disliked the immigrants
unfamiliar customs and
languages – friction soon
developed
Chinatowns are found in many
major cities
IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS
Anti-Asian feelings included
restaurant boycotts
 As immigration increased,
so did anti-immigrant
feelings among natives
 Nativism (favoritism
toward native-born
Americans) led to antiimmigrant organizations
and governmental
restrictions against
immigration
 In 1882, Congress passed
the Chinese Exclusion Act
which limited Chinese
immigration until 1943
SECTION 2: THE CHALLENGES
OF URBANIZATION
 Rapid urbanization
occurred in the late 19th
century in the Northeast
& Midwest
 Most immigrants settled
in cities because of the
available jobs &
affordable housing
 By 1910, immigrants
made up more than half
the population of 18
major American cities
MIGRATION FROM
COUNTRY TO CITY
Discrimination and segregation were
often the reality for African
Americans who migrated North
 Rapid improvements in
farm technology (tractors,
reapers, steel plows) made
farming more efficient in
the late 19th century
 It also meant less labor
was needed to do the job
 Many rural people left for
cities to find workincluding almost ¼ million
African Americans
URBAN PROBLEMS
 Problems in American
cities in the late 19th
and early 20th century
included:
 Housing:
overcrowded
tenements were
unsanitary
 Sanitation: garbage
was often not
collected, polluted air
Famous photographer Jacob Riis
captured the struggle of living in
crowded tenements
URBAN PROBLEMS
CONTINUED
 Transportation: Cities struggled
to provide adequate transit
systems
 Water: Without safe drinking
water cholera and typhoid fever
was common
 Crime: As populations
increased thieves flourished
 Fire: Limited water supply and
wooden structures combined
with the use of candles led to
many major urban fires –
Chicago 1871 and San Francisco
1906 were two major fires
Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans
fleeing the fire over the Randolph
Street bridge in 1871
Jacob Riis
Jacob Riis
REFORMERS MOBILIZE
 Jacob Riis was a reformer who
through his pictures hoped for
change– he influenced many
 The Social Gospel Movement
preached salvation through
service to the poor
 Some reformers established
Settlement Homes
 These homes provided a place
to stay, classes, health care and
other social services
 Jane Addams was the most
famous member of the
Settlement Movement (founded
Hull House in Chicago)
Jane
Addams
and Hull
House
SECTION 3: POLITICS IN THE
GILDED AGE
 As cities grew in the
late 19th century, so did
political machines
 Political machines
controlled the
activities of a political
party in a city
 Ward bosses, precinct
captains, and the city
boss worked to ensure
their candidate was
elected
ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS
 The “Boss” (typically the
mayor) controlled jobs,
business licenses, and
influenced the court
system
 Precinct captains and
ward bosses were often
1st or 2nd generation
immigrants so they
helped immigrants with
naturalization, jobs, and
housing in exchange for
votes
Boss Tweed ran NYC
MUNICIPAL GRAFT AND SCANDAL
 Some political bosses were
corrupt
 Some political machines
used fake names and voted
multiple times to ensure
victory (“Vote early and
often”) – called Election
fraud
 Graft (bribes) was common
among political bosses
 Construction contracts
often resulted in “kickbacks”
 The fact that police forces
were hired by the boss
prevented close scrutiny
THE TWEED RING SCANDAL
 William M. Tweed, known as
Boss Tweed, became head
of Tammany Hall, NYC’s
powerful Democratic
political machines
 Between 1869-1871, Tweed
led the Tweed Ring, a group
of corrupt politicians, in
defrauding the city
 Tweed was indicted on 120
counts of fraud and
extortion
 Tweed was sentenced to 12
years in jail – released after
one, arrested again, and
escaped to Spain
Boss Tweed
CIVIL SERVICE REPLACES
PATRONAGE
Applicants for federal jobs
are required to take a Civil
Service Exam
 Nationally, some politicians
pushed for reform in the hiring
system
 The system had been based
on Patronage; giving jobs and
favors to those who helped a
candidate get elected
 Reformers pushed for an
adoption of a merit system of
hiring the most qualified for
jobs
 The Pendleton Civil Service
Act of 1883 authorized a
bipartisan commission to
make appointments for federal
jobs based on performance
THE PROGRESSIVE
ERA
AMERICA SEEKS REFORMS IN
THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY
ORIGINS OF PROGRESSIVISM
 As America entered into
the 20th century, middle
class reformers addressed
many social problems
 Work conditions, rights for
women and children,
economic reform,
environmental issues and
social welfare were a few
of these issues
FOUR GOALS OF REFORMERS
 1) Protect Social
Welfare
 2) Promote Moral
Improvement
 3) Create Economic
Reform
 4) Foster Efficiency
1.PROTECT SOCIAL WELFARE
 Industrialization in the late
19th century was largely
unregulated
 Employers felt little
responsibility toward their
workers
 As a result Settlement
homes and churches served
the community
 Also the YMCA and
Salvation Army took on
service roles
2. PROMOTE MORAL DEVELOPMENT
 Some reformers felt that
the answer to societies
problems was personal
behavior
 They proposed such
reforms as prohibition
 Groups wishing to ban
alcohol included the
Woman’s Christian
Temperance Union (WCTU)
3. CREATE ECONOMIC REFORM
 The Panic of 1893
prompted some
Americans to question
the capitalist economic
system
 As a result some
workers embraced
socialism
 Eugene Debs organized
the American Socialist
Party in 1901
Debs encouraged workers to reject
American Capitalism
MUCKRAKERS CRITICIZE BIG
BUSINESS
Ida
Tarbell
Some view
Michael
Moore as a
modern
muckraker
 Though most progressives
did not embrace socialism,
many writers saw the truth in
Debs’ criticism
 Journalists known as
“Muckrakers” exposed
corruption in business
 Ida Tarbell exposed Standard
Oil Company’s cut-throat
methods of eliminating
competition
4. FOSTERING EFFICIENCY
 Many Progressive
leaders put their faith in
scientific principles to
make society better
 In Industry, Frederick
Taylor began using time
& motion studies to
improve factory
efficiency
 Taylorism became an
Industry fad as factories
sought to complete each
task quickly
CLEANING UP LOCAL GOVERNMENT
 Efforts at reforming
local government
stemmed from the desire
to make government
more efficient and
responsive to citizens
 Some believe it also was
meant to limit immigrants
influence in local
governments
REGULATING BIG BUSINESS
 Under the
progressive
Republican
leadership of
Robert La Follette,
Wisconsin led the
way in regulating
big business
Robert La Follette
PROTECTING WORKING CHILDREN
 As the number of child
workers rose, reformers
worked to end child
labor
 Children were more
prone to accidents
caused by fatigue
 Nearly every state
limited or banned child
labor by 1918
EFFORTS TO LIMIT HOURS
 The Supreme Court and
the states enacted or
strengthened laws
reducing women’s
hours of work
 Progressives also
succeeded in winning
worker’s compensation
to aid families of injured
workers
ELECTION REFORM
 Citizens fought for, and
won, such measures as
secret ballots,
referendum votes, and
the recall
 Citizens could petition
and get initiatives on the
ballot
 In 1899, Minnesota
passed the first statewide
primary system
DIRECT ELECTION OF SENATORS
 Before 1913, each
state’s legislature had
chosen its own U.S.
senators
 To force senators to be
more responsive to the
public, progressives
pushed for the popular
election of senators
 As a result, Congress
passed the
17th Amendment (1913)
SECTION 2: WOMEN IN PUBLIC LIFE
 Before the Civil War,
American women were
expected to devote
their time to home and
family
 By the late 19th and
early 20th century,
women were visible in
the workforce
DOMESTIC WORKERS
 Before the turn-ofthe-century women
without formal
education contributed
to the economic
welfare of their
families by doing
domestic work
 Altogether, 70% of
women employed in
1870 were servants
WOMEN IN THE WORK FORCE
 Opportunities for
women increased
especially in the cities
 By 1900, one out of five
women worked
 The garment trade was
popular as was office
work, department stores
and classrooms
WOMEN LEAD REFORM
 Many of the leading
progressive reformers
were women
 Middle and upper class
women also entered the
public sphere as
reformers
 Many of these women
had graduated from new
women’s colleges
Colleges like Vassar and Smith
allowed women to excel
WOMEN AND REFORM
 Women reformers strove
to improve conditions at
work and home
 In 1896, black women
formed the National
Association of Colored
Women (NACW)
 Suffrage was another
important issue for women
THREE-PART STRATEGY FOR
WINNING SUFFRAGE
 Suffragists tried three
approaches to winning the
vote
 1) Convince state
legislatures to adopt vote
(Succeeded in Wyoming,
Utah, Idaho, Colorado)
 2) Pursue court cases to
test 14th Amendment
 3) Push for national
constitutional Amendment
SECTION 3: TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S
SQUARE DEAL
McKinley was assassinated by an
anarchist in Buffalo in September
of 1901
 When President
William McKinley
was assassinated
6 months into his
second term,
Theodore
Roosevelt became
the nations 26th
president
ROOSEVELT AND THE ROUGH
RIDERS
 Roosevelt grabbed
national attention by
advocating war with Spain
in 1898
 His volunteer cavalry
brigade, the Rough Riders,
won public acclaim for its
role in the battle at San
Juan Hill in Cuba
 Roosevelt returned a hero
and was soon elected
governor of NY and later
McKinley’s vice-president
Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
THE MODERN PRESIDENT
 When Roosevelt was
thrust into the presidency
in 1901, he became the
youngest president ever
at age 42
 He quickly established
himself as a modern
president who could
influence the media and
shape legislation
TRUSTBUSTING
 By 1900, Trusts – legal
bodies created to hold
stock in many
companies – controlled
80% of U.S. industries
 Roosevelt filed 44
antitrust suits under the
Sherman Antitrust Act
1902 COAL STRIKE
 In 1902 140,000 coal miners in
Pennsylvania went on strike for
increased wages, a 9-hour
work day, and the right to
unionize
 Mine owners refused to
bargain
 Roosevelt called in both sides
and settled the dispute
 Thereafter, when a strike
threatened public welfare, the
federal government was
expected to step in and help
“THE JUNGLE” LEADS TO FOOD
REGULATION
 After reading The
Jungle by Upton
Sinclair, Roosevelt
pushed for passage of
the Meat Inspection
Act of 1906
 The Act mandated
cleaner conditions for
meatpacking plants
PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT
The Pure Food and Drug Act took
medicines with cocaine and other
harmful ingredients off the
market
 In response to
unregulated claims and
unhealthy products,
Congress passed the
Pure Food and Drug Act
in 1906
 The Act halted the sale
of contaminated foods
and medicines and
called for truth in
labeling
ROOSEVELT AND THE ENVIRONMENT
 Before Roosevelt’s
presidency, the
federal government
paid very little
attention to the
nation’s natural
resources
 Roosevelt made
conservation a
primary concern of
his administration
Roosevelt, left, was an avid
outdoorsman – here he is with author
John Muir at Yosemite Park
ROOSEVELT’S ENVIROMENTAL
ACCOMPLISHMENTS
Yellowstone National
Park, Wyoming
 Roosevelt set aside 148
million acres of forest
reserves
 He also set aside 1.5
million acres of waterpower sites and he
established 50 wildlife
sanctuaries and several
national parks
ROOSEVELT AND CIVIL RIGHTS
 Roosevelt failed to
support Civil Rights
for African Americans
 He did, however,
support a few
individuals such as
Booker T. Washington
NAACP FORMED TO PROMOTE RIGHTS
 In 1909 a number of African
Americans and prominent
white reformers formed the
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored
People
 The NAACP had 6,000
members by 1914
 The goal of the organization
was full equality among the
races
 The means to achieve this
was the court system
1964 Application
SECTION 4: PROGRESSIVISM UNDER
PRESIDENT TAFT
 Republican William
Howard Taft easily
defeated Democrat William
Jennings Bryan to win the
1908 presidential election
 Among his
accomplishments, Taft
“busted” 90 trusts during
his 4 years in office
Taft, right, was Roosevelt’s
War Secretary
TAFT LOSES POWER
 Taft was not popular
with the American
public nor reform
minded Republicans
 By 1910, Democrats
had regained control of
the House of
Representatives
Taft called the Presidency, “The
lonesomest job in the world”
1912 ELECTION
 Republicans split in 1912
between Taft and Teddy
Roosevelt (who returned
after a long trip to Africa)
 Convention delegates
nominated Taft
 Some Republicans formed
a third party – The Bull
Moose Party and
nominated Roosevelt
 The Democrats put forward
a reform - minded New
Jersey Governor, Woodrow
Wilson
Republicans split in 1912
WILSON’S NEW FREEDOM
 As America’s newly
elected president,
Wilson moved to enact
his program, the “New
Freedom”
 He planned his attack on
what he called the triple
wall of privilege: trusts,
tariffs, and high finance
W. Wilson U.S. President
1912-1920
CLAYTON ANTITRUST ACT
 In 1914 Congress
enacted the Clayton
Antitrust Act which
strengthened the
Sherman Act
 The Clayton Act
prevented companies
from acquiring stock
from another company
(Anti-monopoly)
 The Act also supported
workers unions
FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION
FORMED
Today the FTC has been working on
protecting consumers from ID theft
 The FTC was formed
in 1914 to serve as a
“watchdog” agency
to end unfair
business practices
 The FTC protects
consumers from
business fraud
FEDERAL INCOME TAX ARRIVES
 Wilson worked hard to
lower tariffs, however
that lost revenue had
to be made up
 Ratified in 1916, the
16th Amendment
legalized a graduated
federal income tax
WOMEN WIN SUFFRAGE
 Native-born, educated,
middle-class women grew
more and more impatient
 Through local, state and
national organization,
vigorous protests and
World War I, women finally
realized their dream in
1920
The 19th Amendment gave women
the right to vote in 1920
LIMITS OF PROGRESSIVISM
 While the
Progressive era was
responsible for many
important reforms, it
failed to make gains
for African
Americans
 Like Roosevelt and
Taft, Wilson retreated
on Civil Rights once
in office
The KKK reached a membership of 4.5
million in the 1920s