Transcript INVESTIGATIONS

INVESTIGATIONS
SCIENCE OR ART?
3.5 THINGS
SOLVE CASES
THEY ARE?

WITNESS

PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

CONFESSIONS
.5
 INFORMANTS
– CANNOT
– NOT
BE USED TO PROVE
USUALLY USED IN COURT
SUCCESS OR FAILURE OF CASE

People commit crimes
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“THINGS” become physical
evidence
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What is PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
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PHYSICAL EVIDENCE---any object that can
establish that a crime has been committed or
can provide a link between a crime and its
victim or between a crime and its perpetrator
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CAN BE MEASURED
TYPES OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
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Blood, semen, saliva
Documents
Drugs
Explosives
Fibers
Fingerprints
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Firearms, and ammunition
Glass
Hair
Impressions
Paint
Soil and minerals
Tool marks
WHOSE ARE THOSE ANYWAYS??
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Individual characteristics---Properties of
evidence that can be attributed to a common
source with an extremely high degree of
certainty.
HISTORY OF IT ALL
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Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
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A Study In Scarlet
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1887
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MID 1800’s
NYPD set up a Rogue’s Gallery-1857
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Photographs of known offenders
Arranged by criminal specialty and height
Offenders grimaced, puffed their cheeks to change
their appearance
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Rogue is slang for thieves, a wandering
beggar, someone who wanders away
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By 1858 had over 700 photographs
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1884 Chicago established the first municipal
Criminal Identification Bureau
1865 U.S. Secret Service was created by
Congress to combat counterfeiting
Began guarding the president in 1903 after
President McKinley was assassinated
1905 CA Bureau of Criminal Identification
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First State Police Force in Pennsylvania
Prohibition in 1920, Bureau of Internal
Revenue was responsible for enforcement
Lodged in the Dept of the Treasury, they were
referred to as “T-men”
1908 the beginnings of the FBI
1932 FBI established a crime lab
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1967 National Crime Information Center
(NCIC) established by the FBI
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Wanted persons
Stolen property
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Guns
Vehicles
License plates
Cannot do credit cards
 “PACKING
THE
RECORD”
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Get as much
information as
possible
NCIC INFORMATION CLEARING
HOUSE
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COMPUTERIZED
NETWORK LINKED
TO PDs TO
PROVIDE
INFORMATION ON
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STOLEN VEHICLES
WANTED PERSONS
STOLEN GUNS
OTHER CRIME
RELATED INFO
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Oldest Forensic Lab
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LAPD---1932
Created by August Vollmer
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Chief from Berkeley
LOCARDS EXCHANGE PRINCIPLE
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Edmond Locard (1877-1966)
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The exchange of materials between two
objects that occurs whenever two objects come
into contact with one another
TRACE EVIDENCE
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PHYSICAL EVIDENCE THAT RESULTS
FROM THE TRANSFER OF SMALL
QUANTITIES OF MATERIAL
IDENTIFICATION
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THREE MAJOR SCIENTIFIC SYSTEMS FOR
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
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DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) TYPING
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ANTHROPOMETRY
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DACTYLOGRAPHY
ANTHROPOMETRY
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A system of identification of individual by
measurement of parts of the body
ANTHROPOMETRY
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Developed by Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914)
Father of criminal identification
Bertillon system
Every human being differs from every other
one in the exact measurements of their body
and that the sum of these measurements
yields a characteristic formula for each
individual
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Eleven physical measurements
1883 implemented on an experimental basis
Combines full fact with profile pictures
Ancestor of the “mug shot”
DACTYLOGRAPHY
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Dates back to the First Century Romans
Three categories of latent fingerprints
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Plastic prints—fingers touch against a surface such
as newly painted surface, adhesive on envelopes
and stamps, explosives, thick layer of dust, putty
and adhesive tape
LATENT
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LATIN WORD FOR
 HIDDEN
Unique and Permanent
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They develop at 12 weeks development
Stresses in the uterus causes friction ridges to
develop
Identical twins have same DNA but different
fingerprints---but may have same pattern types
FRICTION RIDGES
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TINY RIDGES IN THE SKIN OF A
FINGERPRINT ARE KNOWS AS;
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FRICTION RIDGES
LOOPS
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WHORLS
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ARCHES
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WHAT TO LOOK FOR
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LOOPS 60-65% OF POPULATION
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WHORLS 30-35%
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ARCHS About 5%
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Contaminated/visible prints—fingers that have been
contaminated with a matter touch a clean surface
Latent/invisible prints—typically invisible to the
unassisted eye. Created when the friction ridges
deposit oils and body perspiration on a surface
PRINTS ARE MADE OF:
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Natural source—Sweat (98% water and 2%
oils) Salts and amino acids and vitamins cause
the fingerprint to show when sprayed with a
chemical
Environmental source—grease, dirt, pollen,
etc.
DEVELOPING LATENT PRINTS
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Traditional powders
Fluorescent powders
Chemicals
Cyanoacrylate—Superglue fuming
Ninhydrin
Iodine
CHANGE THEM????
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Impossible to obliterate all the ridge
characteristics and scars just help to provide
new characteristics for identification
LIVE SCAN FOR FINGERPRINTING
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OPTICAL SCANNER
IAFIS
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FBI
1999
INTEGRATED AUTOMATED FINGERPRINT
IDENTIFICATION SYSTEM
BRAIN FINGERPRINTING
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OTHER TYPES OF IDENTIFICATION
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DENTAL EVIDENCE & BITEMARKS
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1775 Paul Revere—was a dentist
John Wilkes Booth
mid 1960’s Armed Forces
Used mainly for id of bodies
1970’s used for id of suspects
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HAIR
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Area of the body and race
Manner removed
Shampoo residues
Bleached or dyed
Contaminants in the hair—blood, soil semen
If hair has been subject to trauma
Id of drugs ingested
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BLOOD
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Approx 10 pints of blood
Most common form of evidence
Human blood?
If recovered in liquid state can tell
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Venous
Fetal
menstrual
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HUMAN EXCRETIONS AND SECRETIONS
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LIPSTICK AND SECRETIONS
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Saliva, urine, semen, perspiration, vaginal
secretions, feces and vomitus
Everyone has unique lip prints that do not change
with age
FIREARMS
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TOOL MARKS
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DOCUMENTS
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HANDWRITING AND HANDPRINTING
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COMPUTERS
MOLECULAR STUCTURE
DNA
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DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
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Organic substance found primarily in the
chromosomes within the nuclei of cells. These
molecules carry the body’s genetic information and
establish each person as separate and distinct
DNA is three foot long chemical that is tightly
wound inside the 46 chromosomes in each cell
of the body
HISTORY OF DNA
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FBI first public sector crime laboratory to accept
cases for DNA
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December 15, 1988
Minnesota testing is done at the Bureau of Criminal
Apprehension (BCA)
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Testing can take from 2 weeks to 2 months
CODIS
1998
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COMBINED DNA INFORMATION SYSTEM
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COMPARE AND
EXCHANGE DNA PROFILES
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WHAT TO DO FIRST????
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OFFICER SAFETY
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PUBLIC SAFETY
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MEDICAL AID TO VICTIMS
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DON’T LET EMS BECOME ERT’S
EVIDENCE
REDUCTION
TEAMS!!!!
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IS IT A CRIME SCENE???
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TREAT ALL CALLS FOR SERVICE
AS A CRIME SCENE UNTIL
CONCLUDED OTHERWISE
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FIRST THING TO DO!!!!
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SURVEY
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SECURE
HOW TO SECURE THE SCENE
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NATURAL
BOUNDARIES
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VEHICLES
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TAPE
INITIAL PERIMETER--BROAD
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WIDE
LARGE
BIG
AMPLE
SPACIOUS
GENEROUS
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WITHIN REASON
PERIMETERS
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INNER
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OUTER
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VERY RESTRICTED
MAKE AS BIG AS POSSIBLE
SECURE WINDOWS AND DOORS
WAS ANYTHING ALTERED??
ENTRY/EXIT LOG
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PART OF SCENE DOCUMENTATION
LOG FIRST TIME IN----LAST TIME OUT
EVERYBODY
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QUICK SURVEY
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NOTE PATHS THROUGH SCENE
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START WRITING
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MOVE NOTHING
FIELD NOTES
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BEST WAY TO DOCUMENT DETAILS OF A
CRIME SCENE
SUSPECT/VICTIM
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OFFICER TO RIDE WITH ANYONE GOING IN
THE AMBULANCE
OBTAIN STATEMENTS
OBTAIN EVIDENCE
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CLOTHES
TECHNIQUE TO WORKING SCENE
FACTS
WHAT
DO YOU SEE
 PROBABILITIES
– WHAT
MIGHT HAVE HAPPENED
SWAG
– SILLY
WILD _____ GUESSES
4TH AMENDMENT
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MAKE SURE YOU ARE OBTAINING
EVIDENCE LEGALLY
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SEARCH WARRANT
VERBAL CONSENT
DOES EXIGENCY EXIST?
DOCUMENTING THE SCENE
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TAKE PHOTOS ASAP
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TAKE MORE THAN LESS
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VIDEOGRAPHY
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BE CAREFUL OF SOUND
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ON OR OFF??
SEQUENCE WHEN TAKING
PICTURES
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OVERALL-----BROAD------STEP BACK
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MEDIUM----CLOSER
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CLOSE UP
LARGE AREA
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OFFICER SHOULD UTILIZE A
SYSTEMATIC
SEARCH
CRIME SCENE SEARCH
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CAN’T COLLECT IT IF YOU CAN’T FIND IT
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Zone or Grid Method
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Area to be searched is divided
Each person is assigned a part
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SPIRAL OR CIRCULAR
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Can be used for indoor
scenes
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Single searcher
 LANE
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MARK EVIDENCE
SKETCHING THE CRIME SCENE
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Why sketch?
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Scene will not be distorted
Can be as simple or complicated as needed
Sketch can show direction
Sketch will show more than the view from one
direction
Sketch can be used in conjunction with photos
RULES OF MEASURMENT
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All measurements should be made from
permanent objects
Verify all measurements—two officers check
Always show north
When measuring bodies get one measurement
at the head and one at the foot
CARDINAL RULE OF SKETCHING
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DECIDE WHAT IS TO BE SKETCHED
BEFORE TAKING MEASUREMENTS AND
DRAWING OBJECTS
CROSS PROJECTION---MOST
COMMON
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EXPLODED, BIRDS EYE, OVERHEAD VIEW
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Walls are folded down
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Shows evidence on walls, such as blood
spatter and bullet holes
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TRIANGULATION
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Straight line measurements taken from 2 fixed
points
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MOST COMMON IN OUTDOOR SCENES
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COORDINATE
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Right angles inside
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Uses two walls as fixed points
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REVIEW
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CROSS PROJECTION
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TRAINGULATION
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COORDINATE
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BE SURE TO ADD:
NOT
TO SCALE
DUSTING
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THIS KIND
HOW TO OBTAIN PRINTS
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SEACH SURFACE WITH A FLASHLIGHT
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LOOK AT AN ANGLE
IF YOU SEE SOME---PHOTOGRAPH THEM
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USE CORRECT BRUSH AND POWDER
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POWDER COLOR TO CONTRAST WITH SURFACE
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NO NEED TO USE A LOT OF POWDER
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VERY, VERY MESSY
APPLY LIFTING TAPE
COLLECT A LATENT PRINT
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PHOTOGRAPH
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DEVELOP
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TAPE LIFT
CHAIN OF EVIDENCE/CUSTODY
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Maintain scene security throughout process
Document collections by recording its location,
date of collection and who collected it
Chronological history of evidence
Establish chain of custody
PACKAGING
 NO
BIOLOGICAL
STUFF IN PLASTIC
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PAPER ONLY
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DRY BEFORE
PACKAGING
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SEAL TO PROVE INTEGRITY
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PACKAGE TO PRESERVE AND FOR SAFETY
 BIOHAZARDS---MARK
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EXAMPLES OF:
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BLOOD
SEMEN
TISSUE
BODILY FLUIDS
SHARPS
TRANSIENT EVIDENCE
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EVIDENCE THAT WILL LOSE ITS VALUE IF
NOT PRESERVED OR PROTECTED SUCH
AS BLOOD.
LUMINAL
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LIGHT PRODUCING CHEMICAL REATION
AND THE HEMOGLOBIN IN BLOOD
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CSI MIAMI LUMINAL AND BLOOD
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Avoid excessive handling of evidence before
and after collection
Transport and submit evidence for secure
storage
WHAT NOT TO DO
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NO SMOKING
NO EATING
NO USING THE BATHROOM
DON’T TALK TO MEDIA
NO TRASH
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Take your trash out
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Can reveal police actions
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BEFORE YOU RELEASE A SCENE---
TALK ABOUT IT
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MAKE SURE YOU ARE DONE
CARDINAL RULES FOR CRIME
SCENE SEARCH
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PROTECT THE CRIME SCENE
OBTAIN EVIDENCE LEGALLY
CONDUCT THE CRIME SCENE PROPERLY
PRESERVE AND MAINTAIN CHAIN OF
CUSTODY
LEGAL JURISDICTION
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Establishing the exact location where a crime
occurred
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Essential to establish jurisdiction of the crime
3 THINGS THAT SOLVE CASES

PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

WITNESSES

CONFESSIONS
INFORMANTS?????

INFORMANTS CANNOT BE USED TO
PROVE AND MAY NOT GO INTO COURT
FINALLY……………
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Criminal investigation is always in the process
of evolving due to scientific, legal and social
developments as well as changes in the
behavior of criminals.