Transcript 投影片 1 - cjcu.edu.tw

Laboratory
Emergency and First Aid
(Module 8)
A. Wounds (Small Cuts, Significant
Bleeding & Burns)
1.Small cuts and scratches
Cleanse area with soap and water.
Place a clean dressing over the wound.
2. Significant bleeding
Call 119 IMMEDIATELY.
Calm and reassure the victim.
Lay the victim down. This will reduce
the chance of fainting.
DO NOT remove any objects impaled in
the victim.
Put direct pressure on the wound with
a sterile bandage or clean cloth.
If direct pressure does not control the
bleeding, elevate the wound above the
heart if possible.
If bleeding is severe elevate the victims
legs about 12 inches, and cover the
victim with a blanket.
DO NOT APPLY TOURNIQUET.
3. Thermal Burns
First degree burns
(e.g., sunburn or mild steam burn) are
characterized by pain, redness and
swelling.
First Aid procedures for
first degree burns are as follows:
Run cool water over the area of the
burn or soak it in cool water for at
least 5 minutes.
Cover the burn with a sterile bandage
or clean cloth.
DO NOT APPLY ANY OINTMENTS,
SPRAYS OR SALVES.
Second and third degree burns
are characterized by red or mottled
skin with blisters (second degree),
white or charred skin (third degree).
First aid procedures for
second and third degree burns :
If the victim is on fire put the fire out.
Call 119
Do not remove any burnt clothing unless
it comes off easily.
Cover burns with dry sterile or clean
bandaging.
DO NOT APPLY ANY OINTMENTS,
SPRAYS OR SALVES.
4. Chemical Burns
If hazardous chemicals should come
into contact with the skin or eyes,
follow the first aid procedures below.
DO NOT become a victim, wear gloves
and safety goggles to protect yourself
if you are attempting to assist someone
covered in chemical(s).
Skin
Remove victim's clothes –
don't let modesty stand in the way.
Remove victim's shoes –
chemicals may collect in the shoes.
Rinse the area with large quantities of
water for at least 15 minutes
(sink, shower or hose).
DO NOT apply burn ointments/spray
to affected areas.
Cover with dry clean or sterile material.
Eyes
Eyelids have to be forcibly opened to
ensure effective washing behind the
eyelid.
Be sure to wash from the nose out to
the ear, this will avoid washing
chemicals back into the eye or into
an unaffected eye.
Flood eyes and eyelids with water/eye
solution for a minimum of 15 minutes.
Remove contact lenses as soon as
possible to rinse eyes of any harmful
chemicals.
Cover both of the victim's eyes with a
clean or sterile gauze.
C. Inhalation of Chemicals
Evacuate the area and move the
victim into fresh air.
If the victim is not breathing, perform
CPR until the rescue squad arrives.
Be careful to avoid exposure to
chemical poisoning via mouth-to-mouth
resuscitation.
If available, use a mouth-to-mask
resuscitator.
If breathing, loosen victim's clothing
and maintain the airway.
Lay victim flat on their back.
Place one hand under their neck and lift.
With the heel of other hand on victim's
forehead, rotate or tilt head backward
into maximum extension.
If additional airway opening is required,
it can be achieved by thrusting the
lower jaw into a jutting-out position.
Treat for chemical burns of the eyes
and skin.
D. First Aid Kits
First aid kits should be standard
equipment in every laboratory.
A typical model for laboratories
includes a variety of items specially
selected to carry out emergency
treatment of cuts, burns, eye injuries,
or sudden illness.
The first aid kit should contain
individually sealed packages for each
type of item.
Contents of the kit should be checked
weekly to ensure that expended items
are replaced.
Laboratory supervisors are responsible
for maintaining the contents of the first
aid kit.
No oral medication should be dispensed
from the first aid kit.
Chemical Spills
1.Acid Spills
Apply neutralizer (or sodium bicarbonate)
to perimeter of spill.
Mix thoroughly until fizzing and evolution
of gas ceases.
NOTE: It may be necessary to add
water to the mixture to complete the
reaction.
Neutralizer has a tendency to absorb
acid before fully neutralizing it.
Check mixture with Congo Red
indicator paper.
The red color indicates that the acid
has been neutralized.
Transfer the mixture to a plastic bag,
tie shut, fill out a waste label, and
place in a fume hood.
2. Solvent Spills
Apply activated charcoal to the
perimeter of the spill.
Mix thoroughly until material is dry
and no evidence of solvent remains.
Transfer absorbed solvent to a
plastic bag, tie shut, fill out and attach
a waste label, and place in a fume hood.
3. Mercury Spills
Dampen the mercury sponge with water,
then wipe the contaminated area.
Do this procedure slowly to allow for
complete absorption of all free mercury.
A silvery surface will form on the sponge.
Place the contaminated sponge in its
plastic bag, tie shut, fill out and attach a
waste label, and place in a fume hood.
G. Radioactive Material Spills
Spills of the quantities of radioactive
materials present in most of the
laboratories at the University present
little or no immediate external exposure
hazard.
Of far greater concern is the possibility
of internal and external contamination
of personnel and the spread of
radioactive materials into uncontrolled
areas.
Immediate actions should be aimed
at preventing the spread of radioactive
contamination unless injured personnel
require immediate first aid or high
external radiation levels are present.
Every laboratory should be equipped
with an emergency response card.
This card supplies the phone numbers
of emergency response personnel at
OEHS.
Emergency help will be provided 24
hours a day, 7 days a week.
OEHS staff will also provide assistance
in decontamination and monitoring upon
request.
1. Radioactive spills with negligible
external exposure hazard:
Confine the spill to the smallest area
possible by use of paper towels or other
absorbent materials.
Spilled materials should be prevented
from going down drains if possible.
Notify OEHS of circumstances and
actions taken.
The clothing, shoes, and skin of
persons in the room at the time of the
spill may be contaminated.
Potentially contaminated persons
should remain near the scene until
they are surveyed for contamination by
the OEHS staff, or by laboratory
personnel if OEHS aid has not been
requested.
Put on protective clothing, including
at least gloves and a lab coat and
clean up spill.
2. Radioactive spills with significant
external exposure hazard:
Confine the spill to the smallest area
possible by use of paper towels or
other absorbent materials.
Spilled materials should be prevented
from going down drains if possible.
Ventilation, drafts, or air currents should
be controlled to prevent the spread of
airborne contamination. Notify all
personnel in the area of the spill.
Control access to all areas where the
exposure rate is greater than 2mR/hour.
Insure that no one enters the secured
area without a dosimetry device
(radiation badge or pocket dosimeter).
Notify OEHS of the circumstances of
the spill and request assistance in
planning decontamination procedures.
The clothing, shoes, and skin of persons
in the room at the time of the spill may
be contaminated.
Potentially contaminated persons should
remain near the scene until they are
surveyed for contamination by OEHS.
Put on protective clothing and begin
decontamination and cleanup
procedures.
H. Fire Safety
1. Written Plan
Laboratory supervisors should think
about what they would do in the event
of a fire.
The following elements should be
included in the plan:
Emergency escape procedures and
routes.
Procedures that should be followed by
individuals who remain to operate
critical lab operations before they
evacuate.
Procedures to account for laboratory
personnel after an evacuation.
Means of reporting fires and other
emergencies.
Written plan should be kept in the lab
and reviewed with new employees and
students.
Laboratory supervisors should review
the Emergency Action Plan with
employees/students.
2. Building or Laboratory Fires
Small fires
(Extinguishable within 1 - 2 minutes)
Cover fire with an inverted beaker or
wet paper towels.
If this fails to extinguish the fire, use a
fire extinguisher.
To use fire extinguisher:
Think P-A-S-S
P - pull the pin
A - aim the hose at the base of the fire
S - squeeze the handle
S - sweep the hose back and forth
3. Large fires
REMAIN CALM.
Activate manual pull alarm. Call 119.
Close the door behind you as you exit
the room on your way out of the building.
Evacuate by the stairwell, NOT the
elevator, assist the injured.
Exit building as quickly as possible.
4. Individual on Fire
Rescuer should have victim:
STOP ---- DROP ---- ROLL
Fire blankets should not be used to
extinguish flames.
Call 119.