Transcript Ashuraa and Men of Valor

Omar (r)
From Hijrah to Khilaafah
A.S. Hashim, MD
From wikipedia.com
Sources of Reference
Al Farooq, Omar, Muhammad Husayn Haykal
al-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings
Tabqat ibn Sa'ad.
al-Suyuti, The History of Khalifahs
Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muhammad.
K. Y. Blankinship, The History of al-Tabari
Early Khilaafah, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Ya’qub
Khan
Modern Islamic political thought, Hahmid Enayat,
Encyclopedia Britannica
al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah by ibn Kathir
Armstrong,
In this Slide Show
Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi
The Brotherhood-in-Faith
At Badr, Ohod, and the Ditch Confrontations
At Hudaibiya, Khaybar, and the conquest of
Mecca
At Ghadeer Khum, then the Prophet's death and
the Saqifa
Ali and the oath of allegiance, and the aftermath
of Saqifa
During Abu Bakr’s Khilaafah
Omar’s appointed as Khalifa by Abu Bakr
Brotherhood-in-Faith
When Muhammad arrived in Medina, he paired off
Each Meccan immigrant (Muhaajir) was to be with one of the Muslim
residents of the city (Ansaari),
He chose one exception: and that was to pair off himself with Ali, since
both were from Mecca, as Brothers-in-Faith
as Brothers-in-Faith was a unique distinction and honor for Ali.
The Prophet joined Omar with either:
Uwaim Ibn Sa’idah ‫عويم بن ساعدة‬
Or Utban Ibn Malik ‫وقيل عتبان بن مالك‬
Or Mu’adh Ibn Hafraa ‫ معاذ بن عفراء‬:‫وقيل‬
making them Brothers-in-Faith.
Later in Omar's reign as a Khalifa, he assigned his Brother-in-Faith
the office of Chief Inspector of Accountability.
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi
In Medina, Muhammad decided to
construct a mosque immediately.
A piece of land was chosen and the price
of the land was paid for by Abu Bakr.
Muslims constructed the mosque
collectively
The Prophet himself participated in the
construction
Omar also took part in the construction.
The Original Mosque
The original mosque was an open-air building with a raised platform
for the reading of the Quran.
It was a rectangular enclosure of 98 × 115 ft,
It was built with palm trunks and mud walls, and accessed through
three doors:
Bab Rahmah (Door of Mercy) to the south,
Bab Jibril (Door of Gabriel) to the west and
Bab al-Nisa' (Door of the Women) to the east.
Inside, Muhammad created a shaded area to the south called the
suffah
and aligned the prayer space facing north towards Jerusalem.
When the Qibla was changed, the direction was changed to face the
Ka'ba in Mecca,
Replica of al-Masjid al-Nabawi
Nowadays: al-Masjid al-Nabawi
9
At Badr Encounter
Omar was involved in the first battle Quraish imposed on the
Muslims at the Battle of Badr, in 624 Hijrah
Omar is known to have never had killed anyone of the enemy
at any battle including Badr
Omar was 43 years old at the time
Abu Bakr did not participate in the fight neither, instead he
was one of the guards of Muhammad's tent.
Ali emerged as the new hero, since he is reputed to have
finished 22 of Quraish fighters on his own, many being their
leaders
The 25 year old Ali became the dreaded fighter, the one to
avoid in battle, who was dreaded by Quraish ever since
At Ohod Encounter
In 625 Omar participated in the Battle of Ohod.
In the second phase of the Battle when Khalid ibn Walid's Cavalry
attacked Muslims at the rear changing the victory of Muslims to
defeat,
Rumors of Muhammad’s death were spread, many Muslim warriors
were routed from the battle field,
Omar too was initially routed, but hearing that Muhammad was still
alive he joined to defend Muhammad to keep the Quraish army down
the hill.
The Prophet, being in grave danger, was actually protected by:
Ali
Al-Muqdad and
few Others
Omar at the Trench Encounter
Omar was present in:
the Battle of the Trench
and also in the struggle against Banu Quraidha.
Amr ibn Abd Wid crossed the Ditch
Amr, bragging, challenges the Muslims
Neither Omar, nor any other Muslim took the challenge except Ali
Ali ducks all Amr’s attempts
Exhausted, Amr falls to the ground
Ali on top of Amr, Ali offers Amr Islam
Amr spits in the face of Ali, Ali finishes him off
Quraish’s psychology is shattered
At Hudaibiya
The treaty of Hudaibiya was such as to raise objections,
especially of Omar.
Omar objected over a clause of the treaty saying:
that any citizen from Mecca entering Medina is eligible to be
returned back to Mecca (if they want),
while any Muslim from Medina entering Mecca is not eligible to be
returned to the Muslims, even if Muhammad requested.
After the signing of the treaty, there was still great fury
among the Muslims because they did not like the
stipulations of the treaty.
Muhammad, binding onto the Islamic ethic (fulfill every
promise), ordered that Muslims do exactly as the treaty
says.
Omar and the Hudaibiya Treaty
Omar, and a few Muslims, strongly objected to the treaty,
and even went on as far as regarding that Muhammad's decision
was wrong.
In compliance to the treaty, Muslims did not enter Mecca for
Omrah
Many Muslims thereafter objected when Muhammad repeated
three times to perform their (Haj) rites there and then.
Muhammad insisted that Muslims had been victorious.
Omar became worried the Prophet was displeased with him on
account of his attitude.
Shortly after, revelations came out in support of the Prophet:
(Al-Fat’h, the victory: 48:1).
(Al-Fat’h, the victory: 48:18-19)
See next slide:
Al-Fat’h, the victory: 48:1 and 48:18-19
Verily We have granted thee a manifest
Victory ….
……
Allah's Good Pleasure was on the
Believers when they swore Fealty to
thee under the Tree: He knew what
was in their hearts, and He sent down
Tranquility to them; and He rewarded
them with a speedy Victory;
And many gains will they acquire
(besides): and Allah is Exalted in
Power, Full of Wisdom.
‫ك َف ْت احا م ِبي انا‬
َ َ‫إِ َّنا َف َتحْ َنا ل‬
…..
…..
َّ ‫ض َي‬
‫ّللا َع ِن‬
ِ ‫لَ َق ْد َر‬
‫ك‬
َ ‫ين إِ ْذ ي َب ِايعو َن‬
َ ‫ْالم ْؤ ِم ِن‬
َ ْ‫َتح‬
‫ت ال َّش َج َر ِة َف َعلِ َم َما ِفي‬
‫وب ِه ْم َفأ َ ْن َز َل ال َّس ِكي َن َة‬
ِ ‫قل‬
‫َعلَي ِْه ْم َوأَ َثا َبه ْم َف ْت احا َق ِري ابا‬
ۗ ‫َو َم َغا ِن َم َك ِثي َر اة َيأْخذو َن َها‬
َّ ‫ان‬
‫ّللا َع ِز ا‬
‫يزا َح ِكي اما‬
َ ‫َو َك‬
15
At Khaybar
Omar was a part of the Muslim campaign to
Khaybar.
Abu Bakr was given the leadership to conquer the Fort,
but he failed to do so
Next day Omar was given the same opportunity but he
also failed to conquer it
Next day Ali was given the same opportunity and his
was an outstanding success, he soundly defeated the
resistance.
The rest of the 8 forts were soon captured under Ali’s
leadership
Fort of Khaybar’s Ruins Nowadays
At the Conquest of Mecca
In 630 when Muslims rushed for the Conquest of
Mecca, Omar was with them.
Omar participated in the Battle of Hunain
He also was present at the Siege of Ta'if.
He was part of the Muslim force in the campaign
of Tabuk under Muhammad's command
It is reported that he gave half of his wealth for
the preparation of this expedition.
He also participated in the farewell Haj of
Muhammad in 631.
Ghadeer Khum
Following the Haj, the Prophet and multitude of others
were on their way home, including Abu Bakr and Omar.
Juhfa was an intersection between Mecca and Medina
Near Juhfa, at an oasis called Ghadeer Khum, the
Prophet delivered a speech
The Prophet stood on an elevation to be seen by the
massive crowd
He took Ali with him, raising up both his and Ali’s arms
He gave a long speech, the highlight was:
Ali is Appointed as the Wali (in charge of the Ummah)
after the Prophet
The Prophet’s Speech at Ghadeer Khum
‫من كنت مواله فهذا عل ٌي مواله اللهم وال من وااله وعاد من عاده‬
‫وانصر من نصره واخذل من خذله وأدر الحق معه حيثما دار‬
O' people, whosoever I am his leader, So is Ali to
be his leader
O' lord, uphold him who upholds Ali, And antagonize him
who antagonizes Ali, And support him who supports Ali,
And impede him who impedes Ali, And let the truth be with
Ali wherever he goes
After the Speech in Ghadeer Khum
Omar came forward congratulating Ali
saying:
َ ‫ أص َب‬،‫لك يا علي‬
‫من ومؤمنه‬
‫حت‬
َ
َ ‫ب ٍّخ ب ٍّخ‬
ٍ ‫موالي ومولى ك ّل مؤ‬
Congratulations, congratulations, O' Ali! You have
become my leader And the leader of every
believer, man or woman.
Abu Bakr did likewise
The multitude of others came to congratulate Ali
before heading home
Ghadeer Khum Nowadays
U'sama Expedition
The Prophet directed both Abu Bakr and Omar to be in the
expedition of U'sama. The Prophet then became feverish.
Both Abu Bakr and Omar were to be under U'sama
leadership though U’sama was much younger than they.
U'sama was 18, and the Prophet chose him to lead the
expedition because of his capacity and outstanding
leadership
Neither Abu Bakr nor Omar joined U'sama expedition, they
did not listen to the Prophet, they lingered instead in
Medina,
Shi'a claim that both Abu Bakr and Omar figured the end of
Muhammad was near, so they waited for the sake of the
Khilaafah after the Prophet.
At the Death Bed of the Prophet
At the sick bed of the Prophet:
Omar was among those in the room. Upon hearing that
the Prophet had requested someone to write a Will for
him, Omar hastily commanded:
‫ وعندنا كتاب ّللا َحسْ بنا‬،‫إنَّ النبي غلبه الوجع‬
Allah's Messenger is overwhelmed by his sickness:
Suffice it we have Allah's book with us.
The Prophet dismissed everyone from his room
Thus a Will was effectively prevented
The Death of the Prophet
When Muhammad died Muslims gathered in Al-Masjid al-Nabawi with
sobs and cries and a feeling of despondency.
Abu Bakr came from his house at al-Sunh (suburb of Medina) on a
horse.
He dismounted and entered the Prophet's Mosque, but did not speak
to anyone until he entered upon A’isha.
In Sunni accounts he went straight to Muhammad
Who was covered with Yemeni cloth.
He then uncovered Muhammad's face and bowed over him and kissed
him and wept,
Ali and a few of Benu Hashim were there in charge.
Theirs was the duty and privilege to conduct the funeral rites and the
internment of the body.
In the Masjid:
The Death of the Prophet
Omar was making a speech to the people with an oath:
“By Allah, he is not dead but has gone to his Lord as Musa
ibn Imraan went and remained hidden from his people for
forty days.
Musa returned after it was said that he had died.
By Allah, the Messenger of Allah will come back and he will
cut off the hands and legs of those who claim his death."
Abu Bakr arrived and said,
Sit down, O Omar!
But Omar refused to sit down.
However, the people came to Abu Bakr and left Omar
alone.
Abu Bakr confirmed the death of the Prophet.
The Death of the Prophet
Muhammad died on 8 June 632.
Omar was full of grief upon hearing the news,
Omar, the devoted disciple, could not accept the reality that the
"Messenger of God" has died.
It is said that Omar promised to strike the head of any man who
would say that Muhammad died.
At this point Abu Bakr is reported to have come out to the Muslim
community and gave his speech which included:
"Whoever worshipped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad is
dead,
and whoever worshipped Allah, let them know that Allah never dies."
Abu Bakr then recited verses from the Quran
Saqifa of Benu Sa’ida ‫سقيفة بني ساعدة‬
After Muhammad's death leaders of the Ansaar met in a
resting place called Saqifa,
There was a total of 6 Saqifas in Medina, the one AlAnsaar met in is called Saqifa of Benu Sa’ida ‫سقيفة بني ساعدة‬
.
The Ansaars met to discuss whom they would support as
their new leader after the Prophet, as if they had
forgotten about Ghadeer Khum.
There were many arguments and high emotions.
All this and the Prophet has not been given the funeral
rites as of yet!
The news of the meeting was given to Abu Bakr and
Omar
At Saqifa of Benu Sa’ida
In this highly charged atmosphere at the Saqifa, Abu Bakr argued that the
Prophet had already said the Khalifas after him are from Quraish
Thus the Ansaars were excluded
The Ansaars consisted of Aus and Khazraj
Eventually the Aus members voted for Abu Bakr
The Khazraj under their leader Sa’ad Ibn Abada ‫ سعد بن عبادة‬refused
him.
Sa’ad Ibn Abada even left Medina to Syria, refusing to give his pledge,
where it is said he died mysteriously (apparently murdered)
At the same time Ali and many others of Benu Hashim were busy
preparing for the funeral rites of the Prophet (pbuh)
The needs of the moment was first and foremost to take care of the
Prophet (pbuh).
The Shi’a Attitude of the Saqifa
Shi’a criticize Abu Bakr and Omar for forsaking the funeral of
Muhammad to attend the political gathering,
They believe that Muhammad had already appointed Ali in
his lifetime as his successor (Ghadeer Khum).
This view portrays Abu Bakr and Omar as plotters in a
political coup against Ali.
Madelung (in his book: Succession to Muhammad) portrays
Abu Bakr and Omar as political opportunists whose
character as the founders of Sunni Islam has been
extensively embellished by subsequent kings and emperors
(Khalifas) making it difficult to openly criticize him
The Architect of the Khilaafah
Omar's political genius first manifested as the architect of the
Khilaafah after Muhammad died in 8 June.
While the funeral of Muhammad was being arranged:
a group of Muhammad's followers, the Ansaar, organized a
meeting on the outskirts of the city,
effectively locking out the Muhaajirs (The Emigrants) including
Omar.
Omar found out about this meeting at Saqifa Benu Sa’idah, and
taking with him two other Muhaajirs, Abu Bakr and Abu Ubaida,
They proceeded to the meeting, presumably to head off the
Ansaars’ plans for political domination.
Arriving at the meeting Omar was faced with a unified community
of tribes from the Ansaar who refused to accept the leadership of
the Muhaajirs.
The Architect of the Khilaafah
However Omar was undeterred in his belief the Khilaafah should be
under the control of the Muhajiroon.
Despite the Khazraj being in disagreement, after strained negotiations
lasting up to many hours, Omar:
Brilliantly divided the Ansaar (who were united) into their old warring
factions of Aus and Khazraj tribes, and
Then Omar resolved the divisions by placing his hand on that of Abu
Bakr as a unity candidate for those gathered in the Saqifa,
Most those gathered at the Saqifa followed suit, with the exception of the
Khazraj tribe and their leader, Sa‘ad ibn Ubadah.
The Khazraj tribe is said to have posed no significant threat:
as there were sufficient men of war from the Medina tribes
to immediately organize them into a military bodyguard for Abu Bakr.
Wilferd Madelung Comments
The creation of the Khilaafah was one of Omar's most
enduring legacies, its significance to world history is hard to
overestimate.
Dr. Wilferd Madelung (in his book: the Succession to
Muhammad) summarizing Omar's contribution:
Omar judged the outcome of the Saqifa to be a falta ‫“ فلته‬a
precipitate and ill-considered deal” because:
of the absence of most of the prominent Muhajiroon,
including the Prophet's own family and clan,
whose participation was vital for any legitimate consultation (Shura,
mushwara).
It was, (Omar warned the community), to be no precedent for the future.
Yet Omar also defended the outcome, claiming that the Muslims were
longing for Abu Bakr as for no one else.
33
Wilferd Madelung Comments
Omar apologized, moreover, that the Muhajiroon present
were forced to press for an immediate oath of allegiance
since the Ansaar could not have been trusted to wait for a
legitimate consultation
and might have proceeded to elect one of their own after the
departure of the Meccans.
Another reason for Omar to censure the Saqifa meeting
as a falta ‫ فلته‬was no doubt its turbulent and undignified
end,
as he and his followers jumped upon the sick Khazraji leader Sa'd
bin Ubada
in order to teach him a lesson, if not to kill him,
for daring to challenge the sole right of Quraish to rule.
Wilferd Madelung Comments
This violent break-up of the meeting indicates, moreover,
that the Ansaar were not all swayed by the wisdom and eloquence
of Abu Bakr's speech
nor to have accepted him as the best choice for the succession, as
suggested by Caetani.
There would have been no sense in beating up the
Khazraji chief, Sa’ad Ibn Ubada, if everybody had come
around to swearing allegiance to Omar's candidate.
Therefore, a substantial number of the Ansaar, presumably of
Khazraj in particular, must have refused to follow the lead of the
Muhajireen.
The Events Afterwards
According to various sources, (especially the Shi'a) and some western
scholars:
Omar and Abu Bakr had mounted a political coup against Ali at the
Saqifa
According to one version of narrations in primary sources, Omar and Abu
Bakr are also said to have used force to secure the allegiance from Ali
and his party.
It has been reported that after Ali's refusal to pay homage, Abu Bakr sent
Omar with an armed contingent to Fatima’s house where Ali and his
supporters are said to have gathered.
Omar is reported to have threatened those in the House that unless Ali
succumbed to Abu Bakr,
he would set the House on fire,
with its inhabitants ablaze,
and under these circumstances Ali was forced to capitulate.
Shi’a Version of the Events
This version of events, fully accepted by Shi'a scholars, is
generally rejected by Sunni scholars
who in view of other reports in their literature believe that Ali
gave oath of allegiance to Abu Bakr though reminding him
that the Khilaafah was his,
while others believe that Ali was reluctant to swear
allegiance to Abu Bakr and gave his allegiance six months
later after the death of his wife Fatima.
Western scholars tend to agree that Ali believed he had a clear
mandate to politically succeed Muhammad,
but offer differing views as to the extent of use of force by
Omar in an attempt to intimidate Ali and his supporters,
for instance, Dr. Wilferd Madelung in his book The
Succession to Muhammad, discounts the possibility of use
of force and argues that:
Dr. Wilferd Madelung Argues:
Isolated reports of use of force against Ali and
Benu Hashim (who unanimously refused to swear
allegiance) for six months are probably to be
discounted.
Abu Bakr no doubt was wise enough to:
Restrain Omar from any violence against them,
Well realizing that this would inevitably provoke the
sense of solidarity of majority of Abdul Manaaf, whose
acquiescence he needed.
Abu Bakr’s policy was rather not isolating Benu Hashim
as far as possible.
Omar and Initiation of Khilaafah
1. The Prophet dies
2. Saqifa of Benu Sa’ida
3. Argue with Ansaar
4. Give Allegiance to Abu Bakr
5. Ali preparing funeral rites
6. Khilaafah announced in Mosque
Omar during Abu Bakr's Era
During Abu Bakr's short reign as Khalifa he was mostly occupied with
Ridda wars, Omar was one of his chief advisers and secretary.
Omar along with Khalid ibn Walid, probably was the architect and main
strategist behind the collapse of rebellion in Arabia.
Though at the beginning Omar was opposing the military operations
against the rebel tribes:
In hope of their support in case of invasion by the Romans or Persians
Later, however, Omar seems to agree with Abu Bakr's warlike strategies to
crush rebellion.
By late 632 Khalid ibn Walid had successfully subdued the rebels.
Later during his own reign, Omar would mostly adopt the policy
of avoiding wars and consolidating his power in the conquered land
rather than expanding his empire through continuous warfare.
Omar and Khalid
Prior to Battle of Yamama, Omar pressured Abu Bakr to remove
Khalid, who had killed Malik ibn Nuwayrah ‫مالك بن نويره‬, even though
Malik proclaimed his Islam. But Khalid killed him anyway.
Khalid killed Malik because he was after his wife Layla, a renowned
beauty in Arabia.
In Islam, in such circumstance, a women is to wait for a few months
before she can marry again.
This is so in case she was pregnant through her previous husband.
But Khalid married her the same night he killed her husband ─No
waiting.
While Abu Bakr refused to accept Omar's opinion, Omar continued
insisting for Khalid’s removal even after Khalid's conquest of Iraq.
This became a major issue between Abu Bakr and Omar and a
spacious chapter in Islamic history.
41
The Appointment
Abu Bakr appointed Omar as his successor prior to his death in
634. He was confirmed in the office thereafter.
Due to his strict and autocratic nature, Omar was not a very
popular figure among the notables of Medina and members of
Majlis al Shura,
Accordingly succession of Omar was initially discouraged by high
ranking companions of Abu Bakr.
Nevertheless, Abu Bakr decided to make Omar his successor.
Omar, still was well known for
his extraordinary will power,
Intelligence and political astuteness,
impartiality, and justice
and care for poor and underprivileged people.
42
Omar was Known for:
Extraordinary will power
Care for poor and
underprivileged
Impartiality, and justice
Intelligence
Political astuteness
The Appointment
Abu Bakr is reported to have said to the highranking advisers:
Omar's strictness was there because of my softness
But when the weight of Khilaafah is over his shoulders
he will remain no longer strict.
If I will be asked by God to whom I have
appointed my successor,
I will tell him that I have appointed the best man among
your men.
Abu Bakr was fully aware of Omar's power and
ability to succeed him.
The Appointment
Succession of Omar in Khilaafah was thus not as
troublesome as any of the others.
His succession was perhaps
one of the smoothest transitions to power from one authority to
another in the Muslim lands.
It was an appointment, it was a strategic decision.
Abu Bakr before his death called Uthman to write his will
in which he declared Omar his successor.
In his will he instructed Omar to continue the conquests on Iraq
and Syrian fronts.
Abu Bakr's decision would prove to be crucial in the
strengthening of the nascent Islamic empire.
In Conclusion
Omar from the Hijrah to his Khilaafah
Omar present at Badr, Ohod, the Ditch, and
others
At Hudaibiya then Khaybar
At the death bed of the Prophet
The architect at Saqifa of Benu Sa’ida
Succeeds in shifting Khilaafah to Muhajiroon
Circumstances of the Saqifa and aftermath
Appointment as Khalifa after Abu Bakr
Finally we quote the Quran:
By the Token of Time
Verily Man is in loss,
Except those who
believe and do good
works, and exhort one
another to Truth and
exhort one another to
patience.
‫من الرَّ ِح ِيم‬
ِ ‫ِبسْ ِم‬
ِ ْ‫ّللا الرَّ ح‬
‫َو ْال َعصْ ِر‬
‫ان َل ِفي خسْ ٍر‬
َ ‫إِنَّ ِاالن َس‬
‫ين آ َمنوا َو َع ِملوا‬
َ ‫إِال الَّ ِذ‬
‫ص ْوا ِب ْال َح ِّق‬
ِ ‫الصَّالِ َحا‬
َ ‫ت َو َت َوا‬
‫صب ِْر‬
َّ ‫ص ْوا ِبال‬
َ ‫َو َت َوا‬
THANK YOU
Be in Allah’s Care
Dr. A.S. Hashim