Transcript Process Maps - Greetings from Eng. Nkumbwa

Process Maps
Eng. R. L. Nkumbwa
Copperbelt University
2010
Process Maps: Training Session
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What is a process?
Why use process maps?
Attributes of process maps
Process mapping symbols
How to create process maps?
A real world example
Types of process maps
Summary
References
What is a Process?
• A group of activities which ,
together, achieve a specific goal.
• The essence of operation
management: inputs are
transformed into outputs.
Process Examples
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Sales order processing
Demand forecasting
Sales operations planning
Bought-ledger invoice processing
New product development
Production Stages
Process Maps
Visual Tools of a Process
Process Maps Allow To:
• Understand a Process
• Simplify the process based on that understanding
• Implement or eliminate processes through a multi-step
methodology
• Redesign the process for Improvement
Process Maps Cont’d
• Diagrams which show each step of
the process
• Similar to flowcharts
• Represent the logic necessary to
achieve the desired result
Why Use Process Maps?
“ Everything from globalization to collaborative relationships
demands maps that are clear and can be read by all the partners in
the process. Process models are those maps. We use them to
navigate our way through complex business practices of today.”
Chris Cummins
Vice President, Process Development Group
Uniform Code Council, Inc.
Process Maps: A Picture is Worth 1000 Words
Operations As A Process
INPUT
Material
Machines
Labor
Management
Capital
© 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc
Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e
Transformation
process
Feedback
OUTPUT
Goods
or
Services
Attributes of Process Maps
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Intuitive
Understood at every level of an organization
Sophisticated enough to model complex activities
Prevent ambiguity
Make effective use of time available to analyze a process
Identify process-related issues
Terms to Know Before We Start Mapping
• Alternative Path: One or more options are presented that create
a path off the primary path.
• Decision Criteria: When incorporating alternative paths into a
map, there must be a choice to be made between 2 or more
options; the question being asked should be specific.
• Inspection Point: A pass/fail decision to test an output in
process.
Key Terms (Cont’d)
• Input: Materials, money, people, information, or other
factors that are essential to the process
• Output: The end result -- the product or service that a
customer receives
• Parallel Process: Another process that can be executed at
the same time as the primary process
• Primary Process: The tasks must be carried out in order to
achieve a desired output from given inputs
Process Mapping Symbols
• The rectangle represents each task of
step within the map
• The parallelogram represents inputs
• The oval represents the process
boundary
• The diamond represents a decision
?
How to Create a Process Map?
1. Select a process
2. Define the process
• Goals
• Input
• Output
3. Map the Primary Process
• Define the tasks that will be required
to reach the desired output
• Incorporate appropriate symbols in
your map
• Make sure to show parallel processes
4. Map Alternative Processes
• Map points along the primary
process where decision are
made
• Recognize one or more
alternative paths
• Merge those paths back into the
primary path
5. Map Inspection Points
• Use these points to error-proof your
map
• Useful to better satisfy customers
and/or cut down on costs and time
• Points could lead into rework loops
or do-over loops
6. Use Your Map to Improve the
Process
• Eliminate non-value-added steps
• Set standards for the process
• What will pass and what will fail
Real World Example:
Mapping the Student Course Registration Process
• Define the Process
• Output: schedule
• The goal of the student: obtain classes needed to
graduate
• Inputs: the course catalog, an advisor, a computer, and
professors
• Map the primary process
• Tasks of the registration process in logical order
Student Course Registration Process
(Cont’d)
• Map alternative paths
• 3 points in the map where alternative paths are
necessary
• Has registration started? YES/NO
• Are the classes still available YES/NO
• If not, can the student get an override? YES/NO
• Diamonds are the appropriate symbols
• Alternative paths merge back to the primary process
Registration Process Map
(Simplified)
Receive course catalog
NO
Choose classes
YES
Can I get signed in?
Find out registration
period
YES
NO
Can I register?
Register later
YES
Register via
Internet
Are my classes
closed?
NO
Receive
schedule
Benefits of Process Maps
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Simplified processes
Higher efficiencies in employee tasks
Greater understanding of processes and procedures
Cost savings from elimination of redundant or unnecessary
tasks
• “Opportunities” are addressed and corrected faster
• Better training programs
Maps Used in the Reengineering
Process
Customer
requirements
data
Strategic
directive
Benchmark
data
Design
principles
Key
performance
measures
Goals & specifications
for process performance
Baseline
analysis
High-level
process map
Innovative
ideas
Detailed
process map
Model
validation
Pilot study of
new design
© 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc
Full-scale implementation
Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e
1. High-level Process Maps
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Useful in beginning of the redesign
process
Contain the essential parts of a process
Focus on performance goal
Helpful for generating innovative ideas
High-level Process Maps Cont’d
Subprocess
Subprocess
Input
Subprocess
© 2000 by Prentice-Hall Inc
Russell/Taylor Oper Mgt 3/e
Subprocess
Output
Performance
goal
2. Detailed Process Maps
• Prepared for each subprocess in the highlevel map
• Guide decisions on allocation of resources
• Determine and set in place key performance
measures
Summary
Process maps are:
• Simple and effective ways of visualizing and
understanding of a process
• Valuable and unique quality improvement tools
• Waste management tools
• Everyone involved can take part in improving the
process
References
Internet
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Berry college; Campbell school of business
http://campbell.berry.edu/faculty/jgrout/bus453/Gallowaymappi
ng/p3_basicp.htm
Chris Cumming , process development group, uniform code
council, inc.
www.magazine.org/retail/downloads/Process_Mapping.ppt
Integrated process solutions limited, 1999
http://www.ips-uk.com/ProcessMapping.htm
Energy consulting group, Georgia, 2000 http://www.ecgllc.com/process46.html
References Cont’d
5. RCG university: business process reengineering
http://rockfordconsulting.com/bpr.htm
6. Jack Mulhern, Penn state university, 2002
http://www.freequality.org/beta%20freequal/fq%20web%20site/trai
ning/FlowchartsJackMulhern[1].ppt
Books
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Galloway, Dianne. Mapping work processes. Milwaukee: ASQ
quality press, 1994
Russell/Taylor. Operation management 3/e. Prentice-hall, 2000