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UNIT 7 CHAPTER 23 – THE FRENCH REVOLUTION & NAPOLEON THE FRENCH REVOLUTION The French Revolution and Napoleon, 1789–1815 The French Revolution establishes a new political order, Napoleon Bonaparte gains and loses an empire, and European states forge a balance of power. SECTION 1 The French Revolution Begins SECTION 2 SECTION 3 Napoleon Forges an Empire SECTION 4 Napoleon’s Empire Collapses SECTION 5 The Congress of Vienna Napoleon Bonaparte crossing the Great Saint Bernard pass in 1801. Painting, Jacques Louis David. OBJECTIVES CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the French Revolution, the rise and fall of Napoleon, and the Congress of Vienna. Objective 7.2: Explain the developments in French government that led to the Reign of Terror Objective 7.3: Summarize how Napoleon restored order in France. Objective 7.4: Summarize Napoleon’s defeat, comeback, and final downfall along with the impact of the Congress of Vienna. IMPORTANT LEADERS Louis XVI: King of France (1774 – 1792) Marie Antoinette: Queen of France, wife to Louis XVI Maximillian Robespierre: Influential leader of the Revolution, Jacobins, & the Reign of Terror Jean-Paul Marat: newspaper writer who supported radical revolution in France Georges Danton: early leader of the revolutionary Girondist group that wanted to end the power of the King Girondists were a small group of the Legislative Assembly that wanted to get rid of Louis XVI, also led the war against Austria REVOLUTION BRINGS TERROR The revolutionary government of France makes reforms but also uses terror and violence to retain power. The Rights of Man National Assembly adopts Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen Revolutionary leaders use the slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” A State-Controlled Church National Assembly seizes church lands, turns clergy into public officials This action alarms many peasants, who are devout Catholics Louis Tries to Escape Louis, worried about his future, attempts to escape France Revolutionaries catch the royal family near Netherlands’ border A Limited Monarchy In September 1791, Assembly finishes new constitution It created a limited monarchy with Louis losing much power Legislative Assembly — created with new 1791 constitution; it was a new govt. body created to pass laws Factions Split France Major problems, including debt, food shortages remain Assembly split into Radicals, Moderates, Conservatives (left, center, and right) Émigrés — nobles who flee country, want Old Regime back in power Sans-culottes — lower class not in assembly who want more change from the Revolution Problems with Other Countries Austrians and Prussians want Louis in charge of France; France declares war Prussian forces soon threaten to attack Paris France at War Parisian mob angry by war jails royal family, kills guards Mob breaks into prisons, killing over 1,000, including many who support king Pressured by mob, Legislative Assembly deposes the king and then dissolves and must create a new government and constitution National Convention takes office in September 1792, forming French republic ALL THE GOVERNMENTS National Assembly – government created at the start of the revolution by the Third Estate in June 1789 adopts Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen use the slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” Legislative Assembly – created with the September 1791 constitution; limited monarchy Undecided between radicals, moderates, and conservatives National Convention – formed in September 1792 mobs force Legislative Assembly to dissolve new govt. has no king and is a republic Jacobins Take Control Jacobins — radical political organization behind 1792 governmental changes After a close vote, Louis XVI is found guilty of treason and beheaded Guillotine — machine designed during the Revolution to behead people The War Continues French army wins great victory against Prussians and Austrians In 1793 Britain, Spain, Holland join forces against France National Convention orders draft of 300,000 to reinforce army Robespierre Assumes Control Robespierre — Jacobin leader rules France for a year Becomes leader of the Committee for Public Safety, a dictator Reign of Terror — Robespierre’s rule, which includes killing many opponents Thousands die during the Terror, including former allies and Marie Antoinette 85 percent of those who die during the Terror are middle or lower class Maximilien Another In Change in Government July 1794, Robespierre arrested, executed Terror results in public opinion shifting away from radicals Moderate leaders write new constitution Two-house legislature and five-man Directory restore order New government makes Napoleon Bonaparte commander of armies REVOLUTION BRINGS TERROR — ASSESSMENT Which of these leaders leads the Reign of Terror? (A) Louis XVI (B) Jean Paul Marat (C) Maximillian Robespierre (D) Jacobin Which political group is behind the forming of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror? (A) The Girondists (B) The Jacobins (C) The Sans-Culottes (D) The Bourgeoisie REVOLUTION BRINGS TERROR — ASSESSMENT Which of these leaders leads the Reign of Terror? (A) Louis XVI (B) Jean Paul Marat (C) Maximillian Robespierre (D) Jacobin Which political group is behind the forming of the National Convention and the Reign of Terror? (A) The Girondists (B) The Jacobins (C) The Sans-Culottes (D) The Bourgeoisie REVOLUTION BRINGS TERROR — ASSESSMENT Who was the Jacobin newspaper editor that called for the death of anyone who supported King Louis XVI? (A) Georges Danton (B) Jean Paul Marat (C) Maximillian Robespierre (D) Charlotte Corday What is the correct chronological order of France’s three revolutionary governments? (A) National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention (B) National Convention, Legislative Assembly, National Assembly (C) Legislative Assembly, National Assembly, National Convention (D) Legislative Assembly, National Convention, National Assembly REVOLUTION BRINGS TERROR — ASSESSMENT Who was the Jacobin newspaper editor that called for the death of anyone who supported King Louis XVI? (A) Georges Danton (B) Jean Paul Marat (C) Maximillian Robespierre (D) Charlotte Corday What is the correct chronological order of France’s three revolutionary governments? (A) National Assembly, Legislative Assembly, National Convention (B) National Convention, Legislative Assembly, National Assembly (C) Legislative Assembly, National Assembly, National Convention (D) Legislative Assembly, National Convention, National Assembly