Transcript Slide 1

Participation and funding in
higher education: international
aspects
Gerald Burke
Monash Education Research Community (MERC)
Global Education Systems Day,
Faculty of Education Monash University
11 May 2010
[email protected]
1
Focus
1. Proportion of population participating
2. Public and private funding
3. Key issues --- illustrated by Australian reforms
Some key references or sources
OECD 2009, Education Today, Chapter 4 Higher Education
Review of Australian Higher Education, 2008 (called the Bradley Report)
UNESCO Institute for Statistics Data Centre
2
Population 2009
China
231
India
169
1,181
162
28
86
40 31
83
Indonesia
Pakistan
Bangladesh
26
Vietnam
Kenya
Iraq
22
Malaysia
Saudi Arabia
1,337
7
Australia
Hong Kong
3
GDP per head Intl$, 2009 (IMF data)
50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
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Tertiary participation 2007 (UNESCO data)
Gross
Gross enrolment Gross enrolment enrolment
ratio *
ratio Male
ratio Female
Republic of Korea
96
114
77
Finland
94
84
104
United States
82
68
96
New Zealand
79
64
95
Australia
75
66
84
Sweden
75
58
91
Netherlands
60
57
63
United Kingdom
59
49
69
Hong Kong (China), SAR
34
34
35
China
22
22
22
Indonesia
18
18
18
India
13
16
11
Bangladesh
7
9
5
Pakistan
5
6
5
Kenya
...
...
...
Malaysia
...
...
...
Vietnam
...
...
...
Iraq
...
...
...
Saudi Arabia
...
...
...
*Enrolment of all ages as % of most relevant population 5 year age group
Females as
percentage of
total
38
54
57
59
55
60
51
57
50
48
50
39
35
45
...
...
49
...
...
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Tertiary participation rates 2007
100
84
80
75 66
60
40
35
34
34
22
18
22
20
18
22
16
18
11
9
13
0
7
5
5
6
5
Gross enrolment ratio Female
Gross enrolment ratio
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International students 2007
Australia
United Kingdom
New Zealand
Netherlands
Sweden
Hong Kong (China), SAR
Finland
United States
Republic of Korea
India
Indonesia
Iraq
Kenya
Malaysia
Pakistan
Saudi Arabia
Bangladesh
China
Vietnam
Inbound
Outbound
mobility rate mobility ratio
**
% ***
20
1
15
1
14
2
5
2
5
4
4
20
3
2
3
1
3
...
1
...
1
...
...
...
11
...
...
...
3
...
...
1
2
...
Gross
outbound
enrolment
ratio ****
1
1
1
1
2
7
2
3
2
1
...
Students from a given
country studying
abroad '000
10
24
4
10
14
33
6
50
106
153
30
5
13
45
25
17
15
421
28
**Incoming as % of tertiary enrolment in the country
***% tertiary enrolments in country
****% tertiary aged population in own country
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Education expenditure 2006 (UNESCO data)
Expenditure
Expenditure
Expenditure
educational
educational
educational
institutions
institutions
institutions
% of GDP,
% of GDP
% of GDP
All sources, Public sources, Private sources
ALL LEVELS ALL LEVELS ALL LEVELS
United States
New Zealand
Australia
Sweden
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Kenya
South Africa
Republic of Korea
Hong Kong SAR
Bangladesh
India
Pakistan
Expenditure Expenditure
Expenditure
educational educational
educational
institutions
institutions
institutions
% of GDP
% of GDP,
% of GDP,
All sources Public sources Private sources
TERTIARY TERTIARY
TERTIARY
7.7
6.7
6.4
6.3
6.1
5.7
...
...
...
5.2
5.2
4.6
6.1
4.5
4.7
7.0
5.3
4.0
2.5
1.4
1.8
0.2
1.5
0.9
...
...
2.8
3.0
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.3
1.5
...
...
...
1.0
0.9
0.9
1.4
0.8
1.1
1.1
0.6
0.5
2.0
0.6
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.4
...
...
1.8
...
...
...
...
3.6
2.3
3.2
2.6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
1.1
0.3
0.6
...
...
...
...
...
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Australia: key issues
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•
•
•
•
•
Australia domestic enrolments growing relatively slowly to 2008
Concern re course quality and student experience
Real funds per student and staff-student ratios declining
International education, funds and effects
Private funding/fees high compared with OECD countries*
Importance of more graduates
– for skilled workforce and
– to support a civil and just society
• Research funds deemed insufficient
• Participation of less advantaged too low
• Possible shortage of academics
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Enrolments in higher education Australia
(DEEWR data)
900
800
700
600
Domestic
500
Overseas including off shore
400
Linear (Domestic )
300
Linear (Overseas including off
shore)
200
100
0
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
10
International students Australia
2005 to 2009 (AEI data)
250,000
200,000
VET
150,000
Higher Education
ELICOS
Other
100,000
Schools
50,000
0
2005
2006
207
2008
2009
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Indigenous and non-Indigenous participation by
age group*
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Higher education revenues Australia 2008
total $18,400 million (DEEWR)
9,000
8,144
8,000
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
2946
2,768
2,186
1,115
480
403
391
0
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Fees for domestic students Australia 2010
Student fee range
(per EFTSL)
National priorities Mathematics, statistics and science
$0 – $4,249
Band 1 Humanities, behavioural science, social
studies, foreign languages, visual and performing arts,
education, nursing
Band 2 Computing, built environment, health,
engineering, surveying, agriculture
$0 – $5,310
Band 3 Law, dentistry, medicine, veterinary science,
accounting, administration, economics, commerce
$0 – $7,567
$0 – $8,859
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Commonwealth support per EFTSL by
funding cluster 2010
Law, accounting, administration, economics, commerce
Humanities
Mathematics, statistics, behavioural science, social studies,
computing, built environment, other health
Education
Clinical psychology, allied health, foreign languages, visual
and performing arts
Nursing
Engineering, science, surveying
Dentistry, medicine, veterinary science, agriculture
$1,765
$4,901
$8,670
$9,020
$10,662
$11,903
$15,156
$19,235
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1. Expanding the system
• Review of Australian Higher Education 2008 called the Bradley
Report, after the Chair, Denise Bradley
www.deewr.gov.au/highereducation/review/pages/reviewofaustralianhighereducationreport.
aspx

entitlement funding from the Commonwealth government to
enhance workforce skills and create opportunities



targets for participation and completion


Government to support entry/choice by all eligible domestic students
May seek to influence distribution across fields of study
40% of 25-34 year olds to have degree by 2020 or 2025 – from 30%
additional funds including huge infrastructure funding
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2. Assistance for disadvantaged groups
–
–
–
–
Target - lift from 16% to 20% of lowest quarter of SES
Extra funds for enrolling low social background students
Better links to TAFE and schools
Reforms to student assistance to low income students
•
–
Youth Allowance, Austudy and Abstudy
Income contingent loans
•
HECS-HELP, FEE-HELP repayable when income exceeds
$45,000 2010-11
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3. Quality and quality assurance
–
–
–
–
–
–
New national regulator Tertiary Education Quality and
Standards Agency (TEQSA) for registration and audit of
providers of tertiary education
Some public funding to be ‘Performance Based’
More information published (e.g. course experience) to
improve choice and reveal poor performance
Stop decline in funding per student
Improve supply of staff: more research degree completions,
less casualisation, improved conditions
Improve Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF)
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Changes affecting international students
• Reform of the ESOS Act included in national regulation reform
• Tightening of rules for registration, increased public
information on performance of providers of training, possible
moderation of assessment
• Changes in immigration rules, Skilled Occupations List (SOL),
points for Australian qualifications
• Proposals for research scholarships, more English support,
workforce orientation
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