Transcript During the War, Britain and the USA were allies of the

April 20, 2009
During the War, Britain
and the USA were allies
of the Soviet Union but
the only thing that united
them was their hatred of
Germany.
Europe After World War II
• _______________ was
occupied by France, U.K.
& USA
• __________ was occupied
by the Soviets
Europe After World War II
• The economies of all
European countries needed
to be rebuilt
• European countries needed
to re-establish order/security
Asia After World War II
• _______ was occupied by the
Americans until 1953
• _______ resumed their Civil War
as soon as the Japanese withdrew
from the country
Asia After World War II
• ___________ was again a French
colony, but they too would soon
start a fight for independence
• _______ was divided at the 38th
parallel and the USA and Soviet
Union supervised their recovery
Israel After World War II
• Holocaust survivors moved to
_________, the traditional Jewish
homeland
• It was a British protectorate since
World War I
• The country was populated by
Palestinians, who were mostly
________
• The two sides would be in an all-out
war within three years
United Nations
• Chartered in San Francisco in 1945
• Purpose was/is to find peaceful solutions
to end conflicts and to promote health
and well-being of member nations
• Its headquarters is located in New York
City, on land that was donated by the
Rockefeller Family
United Nations
• ____________ for all nations
– currently 192; all nations except Taiwan, which
was replaced with China in 1971, and Vatican
City
• ____________ with 5 permanent seats and
10 rotating seats
• The 5 permanent members, France, the
USA, Great Britain, China, and the USSR,
have __________ over all U.N. resolutions
United Nations
• Within a few years, the United Nations
would be expected to resolve crises in
Palestine/Israel, China, and Korea
• In addition to sending peace-keepers to
areas in conflict the U.N. also sponsors
programs for: the education and treatment
of aids; famine relief; environment
awareness; elimination of land mines; and
the promotion of social justice
Europe - 1945
• In Yalta, the Allied
forces agreed that
Germany would be
divided into four
spheres of interest,
to be administered
by France, Great
Britain, the USSR
& the USA
Europe - 1945
• Berlin was located
within the Soviet
sphere, but it was
also divided into
four spheres
Europe - 1945
• All sides agreed that
Germany and all formerly
occupied countries would
have free elections to
determine their new
governments
Europe - 1945
• The Soviet Union quickly moved to
implement puppet governments in
countries within their control
• Their desire was to have ___________
around their border that they could
control
• If an invasion were to occur, the invaders
would have to come through Poland, or
Bulgaria, etc.
Iron Curtain
• President Truman did not find
Stalin’s behavior acceptable
• However, he was reluctant to start a
war with him
• He set a policy of _____________;
allow the Soviets to keep control of
the areas they had but preventing
them from spreading further
Containment
• The first test came in Greece, where
the Communist and Nationalists
were fighting for control of the
country
• Turkey was also at risk, as the Soviet
Union has announced its intention of
maintaining passage through the
Straits of Darnelle
• Truman pledged 400 million dollars
to ‘defend democracy’
___________________
• Initially proposed in 1947, it was
not authorized by Congress
• When the Soviet Union took
military action in
Czechoslovakia, Congress
quickly passed the ‘European
Reconstruction Plan’
 Sixteen European countries
participated
$13.6 billion (equivalent to
$88 billion in 1997 money)
______________ was a
success.
Economic stability returned
by 1950
The Marshal Plan
Those countries that
participated remained close
allies and trading partners
with the USA
Secretary of State George C.
Marshal received the Nobel
Peace Prize in 1953
Berlin Airlift
June 27, 1948 to May 12, 1949
USSR closed off West Berlin and its
2.5 million citizens in 1948
Berlin Airlift lasted over 10 months
At height, delivered 8-13,000 tons a
day, the equivalent of 26,000,000 lbs!
USSR reopened supply routes
NATO
• Formed in 1949 to counter Soviet
aggression
• Original countries included the USA,
Canada, Iceland, and 9 Western
Europe countries
• Eisenhower was the first commander
• Headquarters - The Hague
Warsaw Pact
Formed in 1955 to as a result of West Germany’s
rearmament and entrance into NATO
Seven Eastern European members, with the
Soviet Union being the obvious leader
East Germany later became the 8th member
Arms Race
• The Soviet Union tested their first
atomic bomb in 1949
• The USA tested the first hydrogen
bomb in 1952
Nuclear Weapons
• Created with either fission or fusion
• Hiroshima bomb was a fission bomb
made from Uranium
• Nagasaki bomb was a fission bomb
made from Plutonium
• Hydrogen bombs are made from
fusion; 4 hydrogen atoms are fused,
creating a massive energy release
The Cold War Continues….
• In 1956, Sec. of State Dulles explained
the concept of __________________ protect national interests by going right
to the verge of war
The Cold War Continues….
• Americans and Soviets focus their
resources on long-range bombers and
missiles
• USSR launched Sputnik in 1957
The Cold War Continues….
• The arms race heated up as more effort
was put into development of nukes
• _____________ became our foreign
policy
• M.A.D.
Military - Industrial Complex
• During the 1950’s military spending
increased to 1/2 of all government
expenditures
• The USA had a standing army of
1,000,000 men deployed around the
world
• Bond was forged between the military corporations - scientific community
The Red Scare
Loyalty Review Board
• Established by President Truman in
1947
• Investigated all new federal employees
• Opened FBI file on current employees
• Millions investigated; hundreds fired
• Atmosphere of fear and suspicion
House Un-American Activities
Committee
• Originally began in 1938 to investigate
threats connected to World War II
• Starting in 1947, they investigated the
‘communist threat’ in the movie industry
• Allowed witnesses to make unfounded
accusations but would not allow
defendants to make statements
House Un-American Activities
Committee
• Ten Hollywood producers, directors,
and actors refused to answer their
questions
• They were held in contempt and
served 6 months to a year in jail
“Spies”
• Alger Hiss was accused of spying and espionage
in 1950
• He supposedly passed papers to Whitaker
Chambers in a pumpkin
• He was not convicted of spying but was convicted
of lying to a Grand Jury
• He served four years in jail
“Spies”
• Ethel & Julius Rosenberg were
accused of passing secrets to the
Soviets
• They were tried, found guilty, and
executed even though there was not
credible evidence against Ethel
McCarthyism
• McCarthy stated that he had a list of 205
employees of the state department that were
communist sympathizers
• From 1950 to 1954 he used his position in the
senate to investigate anyone he decided was a
communist
• His tactics usually relied on making wild
accusations and forcing the defendant to
prove himself innocent
• Whether the charges could be proved was
immaterial
McCarthy
interrogating a
witness
•By 1954, Americans were becoming disillusioned about
McCarthy’s investigations
•He started accusing top military officials of being
communist sympathizers
•He allowed the hearings to be televised
•20,000,000 Americans listened to him bully witnesses
while making unfounded accusations
•The Senate finally condemned him and he lost all
power
______________________
• Law tightened immigration
quotas for Southern and
Central Europeans
• Vetoed by President Truman
• Congress over-rode his veto
The ‘Hot Wars’ of the Cold War
Mao Zedong
on the Long
March - 1934
Jiang
Jieshi in
1939
Kim Il
Sung
with
Castro
Syngman
Rhee with
MacArthur
China
• Prior to World War II, the Nationalists and
Communists were fighting for control of
China
• Communists -Mao Zedong (Mao Tse Tong)
• Nationalists - Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek)
• The Long March (1934)
– Communists retreat
– Lost 77,000 of 85,000 men
– Treated the locals with respect – gained support
– Established the leadership of Mao
China
• The 2 sides worked together to fight the
Japanese
• As soon as WWII ended, resumed fighting
each other
• Mao Zedong was successful, with Soviet
support
• Jiang Jieshi, in spite of aid from the USA,
was forced to retreat to Taiwan
United Nations
• Which China should sit in the
Security Council?
• The USA supported the R.O.C.
(Taiwan)
• The Soviet Union supported China
• The Soviet Union walked out of the
U.N. when the USA refused to allow
the communist delegates to be seated
Korean Peninsula
• After WWII, the Soviets accepted
the surrender of the Japanese north
of the 38th parallel, the USA
accepted it south of the line
• Both countries assisted the Koreans
in establishing their own
governments and then withdrew
their military forces (1948 - 1949)
• The North Korean military began a
surprise invasion on June 25, 1950
• The South was taken by surprise and
was unable to withstand the assault
• They were forced to retreat to the
southern-most tip of Korea, to Pusan
Korean
War
• The United States asked the Security Council
to send peace-keeping troops to South Korea
• Led by American soldiers, they began arriving
in Pusan in September, 1950
• American troops made a flanking attack at
Inchon and cut off the North Korean army
Korean War
• The United Nation forces, under General
MacArthur, began an offensive in October,
1950
• By November, they had pushed the North
Korean troops to the Yalu River
Korean War
• China threatened to enter the war if we
continued northward
• General MacArthur threatened to nuke
China
• China sent 200,000 troops to assist the
North Koreans
• Within a month, they pushed the
Americans south of the 38th parallel
• Battles would continue in that area for
the next two years
Korean War
• Douglas MacArthur publicly stated
that he wanted to nuke China, and/or
fight with Taiwan to retake the Chinese
mainland
• President Truman told him to stop; he
persisted and implied that Truman was
a wimp
• As commander-in-chief, Truman fired
him
Korean War
• MacArthur returned to the USA as a
hero; there was a public outcry for
Truman’s impeachment
• 7 Million New Yorkers turned out to
welcome him home
• “Old soldiers never die….”
Korean War
• Dwight Eisenhower won the presidential
race in 1952 with the promise to end the
war with Korea
• President Eisenhower threatened to
invade China if North Korea didn’t
return to the negotiating table
• July 27, 1953, they signed a treaty
establishing the 38th parallel as the
border and agreeing to a cease-fire on
both sides
Korean War
• Casualties:
– 54,000 Americans
– 1.5 million Korean
and Chinese
• MIAs
– 8000 Americans
are still
unaccounted for
• DMZ was established
and is still maintained
Note: The USA currently
has 36,000 troops in S.K. /
N.K. currently has 700,000
near the DMZ
Palestine / Israel
• During and after The Holocaust, millions
of Jews moved to Palestine
– British protectorate since WWI
– Occupied primarily by Palestinians
• Arabs
• Moslem
• Both sides claimed Jerusalem and the
surrounding areas as their Holy Lands
Palestine / Israel
• The British turned
the problem over
to the United
Nations in 1947
• The United Nations
created 2 states
• Neither side was
happy with this
solution
Palestine
International
International
Israel
• 1948 – Arabs invade
& lose
– West Bank goes to
Jordan
– Gaza Strip goes to
Egypt
– Israel wins the
remainder
• 1956 – Pre-emptive
strike on Egypt by
Israel
– Stalemate
• 1967 – 6 Days War
– Israel defeated
Jordan, Egypt, Syria
in 6 days
– Gained the West
Bank, Gaza Strip,
Golan Heights, Sinai
Peninsula
• 1973 – Egypt and
Syria invade again
– Israel wins but agrees to
return the Golan Heights
and part of the Sinai
Peninsula
Lebanon
• 1979 – Camp David
Accords
– Israel returns the
Sinai
– Egypt recognizes
Israel
• 1982 – Israel invaded
Lebanon
– PLO aided by Syria
attacking Israel from
Lebanon
– U.N. sent peacekeepers
• 1991 – Persian Gulf
War
– Iraq attempted to
draw Israel into it by
launching “scuds”
– USA used Patriots
• 1995 – Present
– Peace talks have made it possible to have an
independent Palestinian state within Israel
– Rabin assassinated by a Jew, stalled the process
– In spite of violence from both sides, peace talks
continue
Cold War (cont.)
The Cold War (cont.)
• President Eisenhower successfully
achieved a cease-fire in Korea
• Stalin died that same year (1953)
• When the Soviet Union crushed revolts in
Poland, Hungary, and East Germany the
USA did not interfere
• Eisenhower was continuing the Truman
Doctrine of containment
The Cold War
• France was trying to resolve conflicts that
had arisen in French Indochina
– the USA sent money but no troops (initially)
• Middle - Eastern conflicts led the
president to state the Eisenhower
Doctrine:
– the USA would send troops to any middle eastern country that was threatened by
communism
The Cold War
• Monroe Doctrine - Roosevelt Corollary
– USA would protect Latin America from
interference by European nations
– USA would protect Latin America from any
threat to their countries that may prove a
threat to the USA
• United Fruit Company owned millions of
acres of land in Latin America
• The USA frequently protected their
interests in Honduras, Nicaragua, and
other countries
The Cold War
• In 1954, the newly formed CIA
overthrew the government of Guatemala
on the grounds that it was radical
• They installed a new government that
was sympathetic to the USA and the
United Fruit Company
• The Soviets thought it was an example of
the USA’s desire to expand the cold war
Cold War in Latin America
US invasion of Granada
1983
• Over the next two
decades, this
conflict would
continue in Cuba,
Nicaragua, El
Salvador,
Honduras,
Guatemala, and
Granada
The Cold War Continues….
• Americans used U-2 planes to spy on the
USSR
• One was shot down in May, 1960
• The crew was captured and eventually
returned
The End!