Transcript Tattoo Marks

IDENTIFICATION
Medico legal importance
of AGE
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Criminal responsibility
Judicial punishment
Kidnapping
Rape
Marriage
Attainment of majority
Employment
Impotence & sterility
Criminal abortion
Infanticide
Judicial punishment
Juvenile offenderBELOW 18 yrs
Juvenile court
Rehabilitation school
Criminal responsibility
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Sec 82 IPC- child < 7 yrs, no criminal
responsibility
Sec 83 IPC- child 7-12 yrs, liable for
punishment
Indian Railways Act- child < 5 yrs not
liable for punishment
Consent
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Sec 89 IPC- child < 12 yrs cannot give valid
consent to suffer any harm which may occur
from an act done in good faith & for his/ her
benefit.
Sec 87 IPC- child < 18 yrs cannot give valid
consent( implied or expressed) to suffer any
harm which may result from an act not
intended or not known to cause death or
grievous hurt. E.g. wrestling contest
Kidnapping
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Sec 361-366 IPC- offence of
kidnapping- girl less than 18, boy less
than 16 yrs
Sec 369 IPC- child less than 10 yrs
Sec 366(A), 372, 373 IPC- less than 18
yr girl for Prostitution
Sec 366(B)importing less than 21 yr
girl for Prostitution
Rape
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Sec 375 IPC – girl below 16 yrs
Wife below 15 yrs
Marriage
Child Marriage Act
Girl above 18 & boy above 21
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Attainment of majority
18 yrs
 Adult franchise
 Driving license
When guardian appointed by Court,
person attains majority at age 21
Employment
Child labour - below 15 yrs
 Adolescent labour- 15- 18 yrs
 Adult labour- more than 18 yrs
Indian Factory Act- child below 14
cannot be employed in hazardous jobs
AMENDMENT: any child below the age of
14yrs cannot work
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Infanticide
Killing of an infant (child below 1 yr)
CRIMINAL ABORTION
 Viability- after 7 months
 Gestational age of foetus important in
case of criminal abortion in view of
enhanced punishment
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Evidence in Court
118 of IEA - No minimum age
Sterility & Impotence
A boy is sterile before puberty , may not
be impotent before puberty
A girl is sterile before puberty & after
menopause
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Tattoo Marks
Tattoo marks are designs made by multiple
small puncture wounds made through the
skin with needles or similar penetrating tools
dipped in colouring agents ( dye )
Derived from Polynesian “Ta Tau” = to mark
Commonly used dyes: indigo, cobalt, finely divided
carbon, china ink, cinnabar, vermillion, prussian blue
, etc.
 Optimum depth of penetration: superficial layers of
dermis.
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Permanency of tattoo marks: depends on type of
dye used, its depth of penetration & part of body
tattooed.
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Latent tattoo marks:
Visible by using UV light, by rubbing the part, by examining
with magnifying glass in strong light
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Natural disappearance of tattoo marks:
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Vermillion, cinnabar – disappear after min of 10 years.
Black pigments ( Indian ink ) – permanent
Artificial removal of tattoo marks:
Surgical removal & skin grafting, electrolysis; applying
Carbon dioxide snow; derm abrasion; laser; caustic
substances
Forensic importance of
tattoo marks
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Identity:
Race, religion, nationality, occupation, name of
person or his beloved ones, date of birth /
marriage, etc.
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Mental make up / desire: obscene figures
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Drug addicts (concealing site)
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Homosexuals (blue bird on back or web of thumb)
SCARS
SCARS
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Acquired defect
Marker of identity
Result of repair mechanism
Covered by epithelium
Devoid of pigmentation, sweat glands
& hair follicles
Gives info about nature of injury &
causative agent
Photo & Video
Superimposition
Photo superimposition
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Photographs of the skull are taken.
Transparencies of skull photograph & that of
life-time photograph are focused on the
same sensitive printing paper.
After maximum alignment, a positive print
will be taken.
Attempt is made to study the matching /
non-matching of major anatomical
landmarks.
Video superimposition
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2 video images (one of photograph &
other of skull) are mixed on one video
display unit.
Negative matching – Skull is not that of the person in the photograph
Positive matching – Skull could be that of the person in the photograph
Facial reconstruction
using clay
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These methods use modeling clay or
plasticine to build up the depth of
tissue on the skull to that of a living
individual.
Shape of the eyes, nose and mouth
cannot be confidently predicted and
are largely guesswork.
Tissue depth markers
Anatomical structures, which define the
outer surface of the face are pasted onto
the skull
Temporalis, zygomaticus & masseter muscles, orbicularis
oris, parotid gland, buccal fatty pad, fat pad of chin.
Adding clay using the tissue depth
marker guidelines
Finishing touches are applied and
tissue depth markers are covered
Painting, replacing polyfiber
scalp hair & eyebrows
1. Which of the following is NOT a
criterion used in Gustafson's method
of assessing age from teeth
a) Attrition
b) Paradentosis
c) Secondary dentine
d) Primary dentine
2. According to Section 89 IPC, a child
cannot give valid consent to suffer
any harm which can occur from an act
done in good faith, if he/she is below
a) 10 years
b) 14 years
c) 12 years
d) 16 years
3. According to Haase’s rule, the intrauterine age of a foetus (up to a crownheel length of 25cm) can be determined
by
a) Calculating the square root of the crownheel length.
b) Dividing the crown-heel length by 5.
c) Multiplying the crown-heel length by 5.
d) Doubling the crown-heel length.
4. Beyond a crown-heel length of 25cms,
the age of foetus can be determined
by
a) Age = length/ 2
b) Age = (length)2
c) Age = length/ 5
d) Age = length x 5
5. The
minimum
age
for
criminal
responsibility according to the Indian
Railways Act is
a) More than 5 years
b) More than 7 years
c) More than 12 years
d) More than 14 years
6. A girl is sent to reformatory school on
being convicted of a criminal offence,
if her age is less than
a) 15 years
b) 16 years
c) 17 years
d) 18 years
7.
All the following are important
medicolegal points with reference to
the age of 18 years EXCEPT
a) Minimum age to enter government
services
b) Attainment of majority (both sexes)
c) Minimum age of marriage (females)
d) Minimum age for consenting to sexual
act
8. The study of incremental lines in the
enamel of tooth to assess the age of a
person is known as
a) Haase’s rule
b) Morissons’s Method
c) Boyde’s Method
d) McNaughten Rule
9. When a boy of 5 years kills an infant
he can be awarded
a) Death Sentence
b) Life Imprisonment
c) Solitary confinement
d) None of them.
10. To become a competent witness, a
person should attain the age of :
a) 12 years
b) 10 years
c) 8 years
d) 6 years
e) None of them
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