Transcript PRIMARY SECTOR

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1. FARMING.
• 1.1. Physical factors: climate, relief, soil.
• 1.2. Social and economic factors: labour, market, government.
2. CLASSIFICATION.
• Arable, pastoral, mixed.
• Intensive, extensive.
• Commercial, subsistence.
• Nomadic, sedentary.
3. DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITY
IN THE WORLD.
• 3.1. Shifting cultivation.
• 3.2. Wet rice farming.
• 3.3. Intensive commercial farming: market gardening.
• 3.4. Extensive commercial farming.
• 3.5. Plantation agriculture.
4. THE EUROPEAN UNION AND ITS CAP.
1. Farming
Farming is the growing of crops and
the rearing of animals
1.1.Physical factors: climate
• Temperature: crops
need a minimum of 6°C
to grow. (Look over
climates in the world)
• Rainfall: crops need
between 250 mm and
500 mm a year.
Climatic regions in the world
Physical factors: relief
• Flat land is easier to grow crops on, there is less soil
erosion and machinery can be used safely.
• Some places are too high to grow crops because they are
too cold. Temperature decreases 6°C each 1000 m.
• Only south facing slopes are warmer because they face the
sun
Physical factors: soil
• Soil needs to be
fertile, deep and well
drained.
1.2. Social and economic factors:
labour
Farming requires either
- Human labour (low
yields)
or
- Mechanisation (high
yields)
Social and economic factors:
market
• Farmers grow crops that are in demand and
change to meet new demands.
• Markets are now global.
Social and economic factors:
governments
• Quotas are limits on the
amount of some
produce set by the
governments.
• Subsidies are money
paid by the government
to encourage some types
of produce.
2. Classification of agriculture
Pastoral
Arable
Mixed
Classification of agriculture
• Intensive: high yields
from a small area of land.
It needs high input of
money, labour or
technology.
• Extensive: low yields from
a large area of land.
Classification of agriculture
• Pastoral farming can also be intensive or extensive
Classification of agriculture
• Commercial: farming
to make profit from
sales of food.
• Subsistence: it
produces food for the
farmer’s family
3.Agricultural activity in the
world: shifting cultivation
• It occurs in equatorial
forests in South-East
Asia, Central and
South America and
Africa
• It is extensive: when
soil loses its fertility
the land is abandoned.
3.1. Shifting cultivation
• They use manual labour
and simple tools.
• The farmers grow crops
from themselves and their
families (subsistence).
• The main crops are rice,
maize, tapioca, sweet
potatoes, bananas and
vegetables.
Agricultural activity in the world:
wet rice farming
3.2.Wet rice farming
• It occurs in many Asian
countries (tropical and monsoon
climate)
• It requires 1000 mm to 2500
mm of rainfall a year and an
average temperature of 20°C.
• It is intensive: irrigation allows
2 or 3 crops per year in very
small farms.
• The level of technology varies
(low in India or China, high in
Japan or Taiwan). Planting and
transplanting are usually done
by hand.
3.3. Intensive commercial
farming: market gardening
• It produces the vegetables,
fruit and flowers that are
found in supermarkets.
• It uses limited land and it
is often near urban
markets.
• Although they are
perishable products,
refrigeration and faster
transport allow more
distant markets to be
served.
3.3.Market gardening
• Market gardens have high
inputs, especially labour, and
high yields (intensive).
• A wide range of technology is
available, from hand hoes to
computer-controlled robots.
• Farmers usually specialise in a
few crops, e.g. salads or
flowers.
• Some vegetables are grown into
greenhouses or using
hydroponics (plants grow
without soil)
3.4. Extensive commercial
farming
• It occurs in “new
countries”, e.g.
US, Australia or
Argentina,
especially in
continental
climate.
• Farms are large
and highly
mechanised.
3.3. Extensive commercial
farming
• It can be arable,
e.g. crops of
wheat, maize,
barley...
• It can be also
pastoral, e.g. cows
and sheep
• Farms are very
big, more than
200 Ha.
3.5. Plantation agriculture
• It takes place in large
farms or estates (40 to
1000 Ha) existing in
South East Asia and the
Caribbean.
• Crops are grown for
export
• It needs a lot of money for
building, planting and
making processing
factories.
3.5. Plantation agriculture
• They employ many
workers and use high
levels of technology.
• They produce coffee,
cocoa, sugar or trees
like tea, rubber and oil
palm.
4. The European Union and its
Common Agricultural Police (CAP)
The CAP tries:
 to protect the income of farmers.
 to ensure reasonable prices for consumers.
 to increase the production.
 to protect the quality of life in rural areas.
The CAP consists of.
 grants.
 subsidies.
 guaranteed prices.
4. The European Union and its
Common Agricultural Police (CAP)
The main problems are:
 it has created mountains of food and lakes of wine,
more expensive than in the USA. It was necessary
to create quotas (e.g. milk).
 environmental damages (soil erosion, excesive use
of fertilisers, pesticides and herbicides to increase
production).
Recently the EU has been paying farmers to take part
of their land out of production.