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Global climate change, Biodiversity and sustainable development
CLIMATE CHANGE BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Truong Quang Hoc
§¹i National University Hanoi
TABLE OF CONTENTS OF PRESENTATION
1. Climate Change, Biodiversity – Overview at global level 2. Current status of Climate Change, Biodiversity in Vietnam - Climate Change, - Biodiversity - Interactive relationship among Climate Change, Biodiversity and Sustainable development 3. Recommendations
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AT GLOBAL/NATIONAL SCALES
Degradation of ozone layer
Climate Change
Strong impacts Low impacts Equal impacts
Biodiversity loss Soil degradation and desertification ECONOMY aquatic ecosystem forest ecosystem SOCIETY
Strategies of some international conservation organizations towards Sustainable Development
IUCN 2006 20010
Theory PRESENT To BE Achieved Diagram of Sustainable Development at lowest level
Composition of atmospheric components Carbon Dioxide CO 2 Methane CH 4 : Human impacts - Energy - Industry - Transport - Agriculture - Forestry - Daily activities Nitrous Oxide NO 2 1000 year 2000 Source: IPCC 2001
Every day 60 million tones of CO 2 are emitted to the atmosphere
AVERAGE TEMPERATURE ON THE EARTH HAS BEEN INCREASING FOR THE PAST 200 YEARS Temperature rose 0.6 0 C compared with in the year of 1860 Source: IPCC 2001
6.0
CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE ON THE EARTH From the year of 1000 until 2100 1000 2100
Biodiversity and Conservation
What do we think when compare these two figures
CHANGED TREND IN PRECIPITATION PATTERNS Source: IPCC 2001
Sea level rise: - 70-100 cm/100 year - Rise of 1 m by 2100
TEN MILLIONS OF PEOPLE MUST MOVE AWAY WHEN Sea level rise IS HIGH What’s about sea level rise?
Source:
R. Nicholls, Middlesex University in the U.K. Meteorological Office. 1997.
Climate Change and Its Impacts: A Global Perspective.
INCREASE OF NATURAL CALAMITY Storms More rains and heavier Floods Droughts Increased flows of surface water DECREASE IN WATER RESOURCES 1. Higher temperature, higher demand for water 2. Higher evaporation of surface water 3. Salt water intrusion
CONSEQUENSES OF Climate Change
• Climate change has been changing global environment and affecting every sector and field • It is forecasted that Vietnam is among countries worst hit by Climate Change.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity, valuable natural resource, does exist only on our Earth, playing a huge role in nature and human being’s life. However, due to many causes, biodiversity is being degraded seriously. -
Ecosystems are disturbed and overexploited; forest areas, especially natural forest are shrunken at an alarming rate. The number of species going to extinct is increasing.
CONSEQUENSES OF Biodiversity loss
Inevitable consequences are decrease or loss of ecological functions of the ecosystems such as
-
water regulation, prevention of soil erosion, - disintegration of wastes, cleaning environment, ensuring natural circulation of materials and energy, - mitigation of natural calamities or extreme consequences of climate.
And final consequence is recession of the economy due to loss of natural and environmental resources, especially in underdeveloped and developing countries like Vietnam.
CURRENT STATUS IN VIETNAM
•
Climate Change
•
Biodiversity
•
Interactive relationship between Climate Change and Biodiversity
PROJECTED INCREASE IN TEMPERATURE
Location Southern region Year 2010 Low 0.1
Average 0.3
Northern region 2070 2010 0.4
0.3
1.5
0.5
2070 1.2
2.5
Source: Climate change in Asia (ADB, 1994)
High 0.5
3.0
0.7
4.5
Table 2. Projected sea level rises (cm)
Year
2010 2070
Low
3 15
Average
9 45
High
15 90
Biodiversity
• • Rich in biodiversity Ranked 16 th among biodiversity-rich countries (6.7% VN/TG)
Sao La
Pseudoryx nghetinhensis
Mang Lín
Megamuntiacus vuquangensis
Mang Tr êng S¬n
Canimuntiacus truongsonensis
Sõng Bß Sõng Xo¾n
Pseudonovibos spiralis
Decrease in forest coverage
1909 72% 1943 43%
Land with forest
1995 28%
•
Impacts of Biodiversity on Climate Change
Sector
Energy Forestry and land use Agriculture Total
Table 4. basic scenarios on Green House Gases (GHGs) until 2020 (tones of CO2)
1994 25.64
19.38
52.45
97.47
2010 105.17
- 21.70
57.20
140.67
2020 196.98
- 28.40
64.70
233.28
SHARES OF GHG EMISSION BY DIFFERENT SECTORS
Table 5. GHGs emission from forest ecosystem and agricultural activities
Ecosystem Activities
Rice cultivation Agricultural ecosystem Animal husbandry Food Waste Agricultural land Forest ecosystem Slash and burn cultivation Increased biomass (increased areas of plantation and regeneration forest) Conversion of land use purposes Forest fire
Types of GHGs
CH4
Total emission CO2 (million tones of) (1994)
32.75
CH4 , N2O CH4 N2O CH4 , N2O , CO2
-
CO2 CO2 CO2 7.07
2,71 8,06 1,86 -50,32 56,72 ?
impacts OF Climate Change ON Biodiversity
Impacts of Climate change include: - sea level rise, - increase in average temperature, - Changes in biological and climate cycles - Changes in water resources – decrease in quantity and quality; - natural calamity (storms, floods, flash floods, drought, land slides) increases in terms of intensity and frequency, resulting in complicated impacts on various aspects of social life and biodiversity in particular.
Table 6. Types of impacts of Climate change on different economic regions
No .
1 2 3 4 5
Region
Núi phía bắc Red River delta and midland region Northern Central coastal line Southern Central coastal line Central Highland
Types of impacts
Cold front, mist, floods, droughts, storms floods, storms, drought, waterlogging, sea level rise, sea bank erosion storms, floods, drought, sea level rise, sea bank erosion storms, sea level rise, floods, drought drought, floods, flash flood 6 South Eastern region 7 Mekong River delta drought, floods, storms, water quality, sea level rise floods, sea level rise, drought, water quality
Sea level rise
As for our country, rising sea level will: - inundate a large area of lowland/wetland ecosystems of the largest delta regions of the country - where are homeland of long established communities of
the wet rice cultivation civilization
- areas with greatest potentials for agricultural production natural habitats of many native species including – protected areas, bioreserves.
impacts OF Climate Change ON Biodiversity Ecosystem Populations and habitats
AGRICULTURAL & FOREST ECOSYSTEM ECOSYSTEM WETLAND ECOSYSTEM SHALLOW MARINE ECOSYSTEM COASTAL ECOSYSTEM
Ecosystem/habit ats
Table 7. impacts of Climate change on Biodiversity
impacts on ecosystem
Marine and coastal ecosystem
impacts on species
-
Shallow marine and coastal ecosystem Mangrove ecosystem
Changes in ecological conditions, Changes in distribution and structure of habitats Loss of or shrinking area Structure , composition of species and volume of sea products/ fishes to change or decrease Food creatures of upper and middle water layers decrease Tropical fish species increase while (high valuable fish) temperate fish species decrease, passive migration -Loss of habitats of species, Loss of species.
-
Coastal ecosystem
Shrinking residential area, loss of residential land or cultivable land - Loss of habitats of species, Loss of species.
Ecosystem/habit ats
Forest ecosystem
Impacts on ecosystem Impacts on species
Boundaries of forest/vegetative cover types change Biomass increament index decreases Increasingly prone to forest fire, Changes in insect diseases, difficult to prevent Structure and composition of species change Increased threat of extinction
Ecosystem/habit ats
Agricultural ecosystem
Impacts on ecosystem
-
Increase in salinity areas tăng (in coastal areas), - Structures of habitats and crops change Impacts on species - Fresh water species decrease
-
Tropical crops and plant spices expand (move upwards and invade in the North), - Temperate plant species shrink
Ecosystem/habit ats Habitats for transmitted diseases change and expand Impacts on ecosystem
Changes in seasons of diseases - New diseases occur - Ratio of patients increases - Mortality increases
Impacts on species
Disease transmitting animals and new disease transmitting vectors
impacts ON HEALTH Health is affected by increased mortality rate due to hotter weather or new diseases occurrence of new diseases –due to transmission vectors, diseases, which are not transmitted by vectors, malnutrition diseases due to pollution .
Consequences: reduced meaning of life, increased costs for insurance and health care, reduced number of working days
Ecosystem/habit ats
Applicable to all
Impacts on ECOSYSTEM Impacts on species
- Impacts of natural calamity - Impacts of lack of water
- Destruction of habitats due to natural calamities, - Polluted environment Functions of ecosystem are damaged, - Droughts. Loss of species Structure and composition of species are changed - Flora and fauna species are affected at different scales, or even dead due to lack of water
ON forest ON Agriculture ON Health
GENERAL QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENT ON BIODIVERSITY and impacts OF FACTORS
Mean Species Abundance (MSA)
• • • • • Species Richness Index, Biodiversity Integrity Index Living Planet Index and Biodiversity Intactness Index Mean Species Abundance - MSA is more suitable for assessment of implementation of CBD
Key influencing factors on Biodiversity
• • • • • • i) Changes in land use purposes, ii) Climate Change, iii) Concentration of nitrogen from atmosphere, iv) Forestry activities, v) Infrastructure development and vi) Fragmentation of Ecosystem, following the sequence: MSA = MSA LUC +MSA CC +MSA N +MSA I +MS F
GLOBIO 3 Model
• GLOBIO 3 assessment model (Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, 2006) to evaluate implementation of Convention on Biodiversity at global and regional levels
Conclusions
• Climate change and Biodiversity loss are environmental problems that have long term, great impact on development of each country. Therefore, it is recommended to study and propose mitigation and adaptation measures. Climate change, and conservation and development of biodiversity should be thoroughly understood at all levels and sectors.
Conclusions
• Vietnam has signed and committed to implement many International Conventions on Climate change and Biodiversity. It has been implementing these Conventions and achieved some certain results such as issuance and implementation of strategies, institutionalization, policies, etc. However, more attention is still required. Climate Change should also be incorporated into national strategies at macro level rather than only into natural resources and environmental sector.
Conclusions
As for integration of biodiversity into national and local biodiversity plans, - Special attentions should be paid to adaptation measures, which are suitable with respective scenarios of Climate change, first of all to protect and sustain gene sources in agro-forestry ecosystem, - Sustainable management and development watershed forest, - Suitable options to transform cropping structure patterns with suitable crop varieties and species (e.g. drought or heat resistant), - Re-planning for protected areas in lowland or wetland, etc. - Afforestation and regeneration should be intensified to achieve multi-sided effectiveness, including reduction of GHG emission, natural calamities, protection and conservation of water and land resources.
Conclusions
• Environmental protection and sustainable development, especially with regard to Climate change and biodiversity conservation, integrated, inter-discipline, and community based approaches should be understood thoroughly at all stages, e.g. making policies, preparing and implementing plans and both in terms of contents and structure. Solutions must be comprehensive and synchronic, from institutional structure, policies on planning, technologies, of which capacity building, awareness raising, and international cooperation should be considered and prioritized adequately .