Transcript World History Connections to Today

World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 33, Section
Chapter 33
Europe and North America
(1945–Present)
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
World History: Connection to Today
Chapter 33, Section
Chapter 33: Europe and North America
(1945–Present)
Section 1: The Western World: An Overview
Section 2: The Western European
Democracies
Section 3: North American Prosperity
Section 4: The Soviet Union: Rise and
Fall of a Superpower
Section 5: A New Era in Eastern Europe
Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.
Chapter 33, Section 1
The Western World: An Overview
• What issues troubled Europe after the Cold War?
• How have recent economic and political trends affected
the West?
• How has Europe moved toward greater unity?
• How have social trends changed the West?
Chapter 33, Section 1
Europe After the Cold War
•
Russia and the nations of Eastern Europe turned to the
West for loans and investments to build capitalist
economies.
•
Ethnic clashes, especially in the Balkans, created conflicts
that threatened European peace.
•
The nuclear peril, although reduced, still remained.
•
NATO faced the debate as to whether it should become
Europe’s peacekeeper and protector of human rights.
Chapter 33, Section 1
Economic and Political Trends
Postwar governments in France, Italy, and Germany adopted
many policies favored by the left.
THE WELFARE
STATE
After 1945, governments
extended the welfare
state.
Governments took on a
larger role in national
economies.
Conservatives condemned
the drift from the free
enterprise system toward
socialism.
THE OIL SHOCK
In 1973, OPEC cut oil
production and raised prices.
The higher prices caused
inflation and slowed economic
growth.
In 1979, OPEC again raised
prices, triggering a severe
recession, in which business
slowed and unemployment
rates rose.
ECONOMIC SHIFTS
The West faced growing
competition from other parts
of the world, causing many
factories to close.
Economies changed when
most new jobs were created
in service industries.
The gap between the rich
and the poor grew.
Chapter 33, Section 1
Welfare-State Spending in Britain, 1975 – 1980
Chapter 33, Section 1
Toward European Unity
•
In 1952, six nations — France, West Germany, Belgium, Italy, the
Netherlands, and Luxembourg — set up the European Coal and Steel
Community. This agency set prices and regulated the coal and steel
industries of member states.
•
In 1957, the same six nations formed the European Community (EC)
or Common Market. Its goal was free trade. It also set up the
European Parliament.
•
In 1973, Britain, Denmark, and Ireland were admitted to the Common
Market.
•
In the 1980s and 1990s, the Common Market expanded and took on
the name European Union (EU). The EU pushed for complete
economic unity and greater political unity.
Chapter 33, Section 1
European Union, 1957 – 2000
Chapter 33, Section 1
Social Trends
Social change speeded up after 1945.
SOCIAL CLASSES
Class lines blurred as prosperity
spread.
More and more people joined the
middle class.
Most people faced greater
opportunities.
WOMEN
ETHNIC DIVERSITY
Since the 1950s, many immigrants from
former colonies in Asia, Africa, and the
Caribbean had settled in Europe.
Some Europeans resented the
newcomers.
Many immigrants faced discrimination
and segregation.
FAMILY LIFE
Women in the West made progress
toward legal and economic equality.
Western families had fewer children
than in the past.
Women narrowed the gender gap in
hiring, promotion,and pay.
Children stayed in school longer.
The divorce rate climbed.
Chapter 33, Section 1
Migration to Western Europe
Chapter 33, Section 1
Section 1 Assessment
When OPEC raised oil prices, European economies
a) thrived.
b) restructured so as not to be dependent on OPEC oil.
c) slowed.
d) were unaffected.
Which of the following was an original member of the European Union?
a) Britain
b) Spain
c) Finland
d) West Germany
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Chapter 33, Section 1
Section 1 Assessment
When OPEC raised oil prices, European economies
a) thrived.
b) restructured so as not to be dependent on OPEC oil.
c) slowed.
d) were unaffected.
Which of the following was an original member of the European Union?
a) Britain
b) Spain
c) Finland
d) West Germany
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Chapter 33, Section 2
The Western European Democracies
• How did Britain’s policies change after World War II?
• How did French power and prosperity revive?
• How did Germany reunify?
• What problems have other democratic nations faced?
Chapter 33, Section 2
Britain: Changing Policies
POST WORLD
WAR II
THE
WELFARE
STATE
WORLD
ROLE
1970s
1990s
Voters elected
the Labour party
and created the
welfare state.
Voters elected the
Conservative party
and reduced social
welfare programs.
Voters elected the
Labour party, which
pledged to follow a
“third way” between
the traditional right
and left.
Britain gave up
global leadership to
the United States,
but remained a
leader in the UN
and NATO.
Britain joined the
Common Market.
British nationalism
led some leaders
to reject greater
European unity.
Chapter 33, Section 2
France: Revival and Prosperity
France emerged from World War II greatly weakened.
The Fourth Republic, set up in 1946, was ineffective. Bloody colonial
wars in Algeria and Vietnam drained and demoralized the country.
In 1958, Charles de Gaulle set up the Fifth Republic. He made
peace with Algeria and gave up other French colonies and worked to
restore French prestige and power.
In the 1980s, French socialists, led by Francois Mitterand, won
power as a global recession hit. The economic crisis forced
Mitterand to encourage the growth of private business.
In 1995, Jacques Chirac took a very conservative approach and cut
government spending. Over the years, France has built the fourth
largest economy in the world.
Chapter 33, Section 2
How Did Germany Reunify?
• In 1969, West German chancellor Willy Brandt tried to
ease tensions with East Germany.
• In 1989, as Soviet communism declined, Germany was
able to move toward reunification. Without Soviet
backing, East German leaders were ousted. People from
both Germanys tore down the Berlin Wall.
• In 1990, German votes approved reunification.
Chapter 33, Section 2
Other Democratic Nations
ITALY
SPAIN
Political divisions and regional
differences led to instability.
Corruption, financial scandals, and the
Mafia added to the instability.
Despite these problems, Italy made
economic gains and ranked as a
leading industrial nation.
Spain was economically underdeveloped
with a large peasant population.
PORTUGAL
Portugal was economically
underdeveloped with a large peasant
population.
When the authoritarian government
finally collapsed, Portugal adopted a
democratic government.
Portugal’s economy grew rapidly.
When Francisco Franco finally died, Spain
adopted a democratic government.
The Spanish economy grew rapidly.
GREECE
In 1967, military rulers came to power.
Greece and Turkey almost went to war
over Cyprus.
In 1975, Greece returned to democratic
rule.
Chapter 33, Section 2
Section 2 Assessment
Which French leader set up the Fifth Republic?
a) Jacques Chirac
b) Francois Mitterand
c) Charles de Gaulle
d) Napoleon
Which nations almost went to war over Cyprus?
a) Turkey and Spain
b) Italy and Turkey
Greece and Portugal
d) Turkey and Greece
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c)
Chapter 33, Section 2
Section 2 Assessment
Which French leader set up the Fifth Republic?
a) Jacques Chirac
b) Francois Mitterand
c) Charles de Gaulle
d) Napoleon
Which nations almost went to war over Cyprus?
a) Turkey and Spain
b) Italy and Turkey
Greece and Portugal
d) Turkey and Greece
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c)
Chapter 33, Section 3
North American Prosperity
• What actions has the United States taken as
a global superpower?
• What developments have shaped the
economy, government, and society of the
United States?
• What issues has Canada faced in recent
years?
Chapter 33, Section 3
The United States: A Global Superpower
The United States built bases overseas and organized military alliances
from Europe to Southeast Asia.
The United States provided economic aid to help Europe rebuild and to
assist emerging nations.
The United States became involved in the Korean and Vietnam wars in
hopes of preventing the spread of communism.
As conflicts erupted in various regions, the United States tried to resolve
some of them:
•
In 1991, it led a multinational force against Iraqi invaders of Kuwait.
•
It provided peacekeeping forces to end bloody civil wars in Bosnia and
Kosovo.
Chapter 33, Section 3
American Economy and Government
ECONOMY
GOVERNMENT
In the postwar decades, American
businesses expanded into markets
around the globe.
During the 1960s, the government
expanded social programs to help the
poor and disadvantaged.
American industries faced competition
from Asian and other nations.
The government’s role in the economy
grew.
In the 1980s, conservatives
challenged the growth of government
and reduced spending on social
programs. At the same time, military
spending increased.
In the 1980s, government spending
and tax cuts greatly increased the
national budget deficit.
America entered the twenty-first
century enjoying peace, prosperity,
and unrivaled military power.
In the 1990s, the economy rebounded.
Chapter 33, Section 3
Civil Rights and Society
During the 1950s and 1960s, many social changes took place.
Some were linked to the civil rights movement that set out to
end discrimination and ensure equal rights for all Americans.
•
Many states denied equality to various minority
groups. They faced legal segregation, or separation,
in education and housing, and discrimination in jobs
and voting.
•
By 1956, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., emerged as a
leader of the civil rights movement. King organized
boycotts and led peaceful marches to end segregation
in the United States.
•
Congress outlawed segregation. Despite this, racial
prejudice survived and poverty and unemployment
still plagued many African Americans.
Chapter 33, Section 3
What Issues Has Canada Faced in Recent Years?
•
Since the 1950s, Canada has become increasingly diverse,
with newcomers from Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, and
the Caribbean.
•
Quebec’s French-speaking people demanded more autonomy
within Canada. Some Canadians favored separatism.
•
Many Canadians have resented the cultural domination of
their neighbor, the United States.
•
Economic competition with the United States led to the
creation of the North American Free Trade Association
(NAFTA).
•
Canada and the United States agreed to work together for a
common solution to the problem of pollution.
Chapter 33, Section 3
Section 3 Assessment
During the 1980s, social programs in the United States were
a) expanded.
b) reduced.
c) left unchanged.
d) completely eliminated.
Economic competition between Canada and the United States led to the
creation of
a) NAFTA.
b) an independent Quebec.
c) the UN.
d) the European Union.
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Chapter 33, Section 3
Section 3 Assessment
During the 1980s, social programs in the United States were
a) expanded.
b) reduced.
c) left unchanged.
d) completely eliminated.
Economic competition between Canada and the United States led to the
creation of
a) NAFTA.
b) an independent Quebec.
c) the UN.
d) the European Union.
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Chapter 33, Section 4
The Soviet Union: Rise and Fall of a Superpower
• What ideas guided Soviet political, economic,
and foreign policy?
• Why did the Soviet Union collapse?
• What problems have Russia and the other
republics faced since the fall of the Soviet
Union?
Chapter 33, Section 4
Soviet Government and Economy
GOVERNMENT
ECONOMY
Khrushchev pursued a policy of
de-Stalinization and sought a
thaw in the Cold War.
Collectivized agriculture remained
unproductive.
Brezhnev suppressed
dissidents, people who spoke
out against the government.
The Soviet Union could not match
the free-market economies of the
West in producing consumer
goods.
The Soviet Union rebuilt its
shattered industries.
People spent hours waiting on line
to buy food and other goods.
Citizens enjoyed benefits such
as low rent, cheap bread, free
health care, and day care for
children.
Because workers had lifetime job
security, they had little incentive
to produce better-quality goods.
Chapter 33, Section 4
Soviet Foreign Policy
EASTERN
EUROPE
DEVELOPING
WORLD
Stalin and his successors
asserted Soviet control
over Eastern Europe.
The Soviet Union sought
allies among the
developing nations.
Khrushchev set up the
Warsaw Pact to suppress
dissent within Eastern
Europe.
The Soviets offered
military and economic aid
in order to win and keep
allies.
UNITED STATES
Soviet-American relations
swung back and forth
between confrontation
and détente.
Chapter 33, Section 4
Collapse of the Soviet Union: Cause and Effect
Long-Term
Causes
Low output of crops
and consumer goods
Cold War led to high
military spending
Ethnic and nationalist
movements
Denial of rights and
freedoms
Immediate Causes
War with Afghanistan
Food and fuel
shortages
Demonstrations in the
Baltic states
Gorbachev’s rise to
power
Effects
Soviet Union breaks
up into 15 republics
Russian republic
approves a new
constitution
Changeover to
market economy in
Russia
Cold War ends
War in Chechnya
Chapter 33, Section 4
Problems in The Russian Republic
•
The changeover to a market economy caused unemployment
to soar and prices to skyrocket.
•
Criminals flourished, and gangs preyed on the new business
class.
•
In 1998, Russia defaulted, or failed to make payments, on
much of its foreign debt.
•
The value of Russia’s currency collapsed. People lost their
savings and their jobs.
•
Minorities within Russia sought greater autonomy or
independence.
Chapter 33, Section 4
The Other Republics
•
The new nations faced unrest, corruption, and political
divisions.
•
In some countries, authoritarian rulers gained power.
•
Ethnic conflict erupted in republics with a mix of national
groups.
•
Other conflicts arose over border disputes.
•
The new nations endured hard times as they switched to
market economies.
Chapter 33, Section 4
Section 4 Assessment
Who pursued a policy of de-Stalinization?
a) Brezhnev
b) Khrushchev
c) Stalin
d) Yeltsin
Which of the following was not a cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union?
a) war with Afghanistan
b) the end of the Cold War
c) Gorbachev’s rise to power
d) food and fuel shortages
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Chapter 33, Section 4
Section 4 Assessment
Who pursued a policy of de-Stalinization?
a) Brezhnev
b) Khrushchev
c) Stalin
d) Yeltsin
Which of the following was not a cause of the collapse of the Soviet Union?
a) war with Afghanistan
b) the end of the Cold War
c) Gorbachev’s rise to power
d) food and fuel shortages
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Chapter 33, Section 5
A New Era in Eastern Europe
• How did Eastern European nations oppose
Soviet domination and strive for democracy?
• What were the effects of the fall of
communism?
• What were the causes and effects of civil war
in Yugoslavia?
Chapter 33, Section 5
Soviet Domination of Eastern Europe
1945 After World War II, Soviet armies occupy much of
Eastern Europe.
1949 Most Eastern European countries are under
communist rule.
1956 Hungary withdraws from Warsaw Pact and ends oneparty rule; Soviet troops crush Hungarian uprising.
1968 Czechoslovakia introduces reforms; Soviets use force
to restore communist dictatorship.
1980 Polish government, under Soviet pressure, cracks
down on trade union movement and arrests its
leaders.
Chapter 33, Section 5
Fall of Communist Governments
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Eastern European countries withdrew from the Warsaw Pact
and requested that Soviet troops leave.
Eastern European nations set out to build stable governments
and free-market economies.
The many changes contributed to rising inflation, high
unemployment, and crime waves.
Consumer goods became more plentiful, but many people could
not afford them.
Former communists were sometimes returned to office when
people became disillusioned with reform.
In the 1990s, Eastern European nations looked to the West for
aid.
Ethnic tension arose is some areas.
Chapter 33, Section 5
New Nations in Eastern Europe
Chapter 33, Section 5
Civil War in Yugoslavia
CAUSES
EFFECTS
Yugoslavia consisted of a broad
mixture of ethnic and religious
groups.
Tens of thousands of Bosnian
Muslims were killed in a
campaign of ethnic cleansing.
Tito had silenced nationalist
and religious unrest for
decades. When he died,
nationalism tore Yugoslavia
apart.
The Balkan region remained
unstable.
New nations needed massive
aid to rebuild.
Communism fell.
Large numbers of refugees
remained in temporary shelter
for years after the war.
Four of the six republics
declared independence.
Ethnic feuds were hard to
contain.
Chapter 33, Section 5
Section 5 Assessment
What happened when Hungary withdrew from the Warsaw Pact?
a) The Soviet Union granted Hungary’s independence.
b) Soviet troops crushed the Hungarian uprising.
c) Other Eastern European countries also withdrew.
d) Hungary was permitted to install a democratic government.
Which of the following was not a former territory of Yugoslavia?
a) Slovenia
b) Croatia
c) Bulgaria
d) Bosnia-Herzegovina
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Chapter 33, Section 5
Section 5 Assessment
What happened when Hungary withdrew from the Warsaw Pact?
a) The Soviet Union granted Hungary’s independence.
b) Soviet troops crushed the Hungarian uprising.
c) Other Eastern European countries also withdrew.
d) Hungary was permitted to install a democratic government.
Which of the following was not a former territory of Yugoslavia?
a) Slovenia
b) Croatia
c) Bulgaria
d) Bosnia-Herzegovina
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