Transcript Slide 1

International Concepts,
Definitions, and Classifications
used to measure International
Migration
Session 1 – 10.15 – 12.30 Day 1
Session 1 – Day 2


Questions to audience
Who is a migrant?
•

What is labour migration?
•

Someone who moves
Migrant worker?
How would you define?
July 21, 2015
Slide 2
Who moves?
•
Youth (more likely to move than older
persons, peaks around 30)
• Male (depends on region)
• Highly educated workers
• Lower skilled workers
July 21, 2015
Slide 3
Why do people move?
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
Mixed and multiple reasons
Primarily viewed as economically
motivated
•
Economic Theory: People move from areas
of lower to higher economic opportunity
• Labour oriented

Forced migration(Refugee/Asylum)
July 21, 2015
Slide 4
Migration theory
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
Economic factors, social networks, distance of
move, and geographic barriers
(Economists) Prospective migrants compare
the economic costs and benefits of migration,
by estimating expected returns (e.g. income)
of their current residence and those of
prospective destinations and then move if a
destination offers a higher return than their
current residence, net of migration costs.
July 21, 2015
Slide 5
Theory, cont.
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(Sociologists) Push-Pull factors and the
roles of social networks
Contextual factors (wages, employment
levels and opportunities, geographical
accessibility, amenities, and
infrastructure (e.g. schools and
government services).
National policy helps or hinders
movement of people
July 21, 2015
Slide 6
Labour Market Information
Systems (LMIS)


Labor market information essential for
tracking and analyzing the economy of a
country.
National and local governments need
labor market information to reduce
unemployment, generate employment, or
plan training programs to meet industry
needs.
July 21, 2015
Slide 7
LMIS, cont.

Policy makers benefit from timely and
reliable labor market information to help
make sound decisions

Used to determine future workforce,
identify labour availability, ascertain
prevailing wages, and explore potential
markets
July 21, 2015
Slide 8
Components of Labor Market
Information
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Labor force demand and labor supply
Business employment dynamics
Employment by industry and occupation
Local area unemployment
Demographic characteristics of the
employed and the unemployed
Hours of work
Employee wages, earnings, and benefits
Labor productivity
July 21, 2015
Slide 9
Primary Data sources used to
inform LMIS

Data from administrative sources
•


Business registers, etc.
Household Labour Force Surveys
Establishment Surveys
July 21, 2015
Slide 10
How migration fits into LMIS
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
Assessment of skills needed in destination
countries/skills available in origin countries
Labour moves to fill needs in countries of
destination (alleviates unemployment at home,
etc.)
• Labour often viewed as temporary, returning
migrants bring back assests and skills
gained in countries of destination to origin
country
 Not always the case –»brain drain
July 21, 2015
Slide 11
Concepts, Definitions, and
Classifications to Measure Migration


Dimensions and components of
migration definitions
Measurement concepts
•

Stock/flow, foreigner/foreign born, etc.
Classification of international migrants
and migrant workers
Slide 12
Key Dimensions for Classifying and
Measuring Migration
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Residence (where person usually lives)
Place (origin and destination)
Individual Characteristics (country of
citizenship/birth)
Purpose of Stay (reason for move –e.g
labour,education, family,etc.)
Duration of Stay (time)
Slide 13
Components of Definition

Usual Residence
•


Change of usual residence
Time (length/duration of stay)
Geography
•
•
International
Internal
Slide 14
UN Definitions (1998)
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
International migrant: “any person who
changes his or her country of usual
residence.”
Long-term migrants: “those who move to a
country other than their country of usual
residence for a period of at least a year.”
Short-term migrants: “people who move to
a country for a period of at least 3 months
but less than a year.”
Slide 15
International Migrant Stock
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

Number of international migrants living in a
country at a particular point in time
Measured as “foreign born” or
“foreigners”
Stock defined as:
•
“all persons who have that country as their
country of usual residence and who are
citizens of another country or whose place of
birth is located in another country” (UN 1998).
Slide 16
Net Migration and Flows


Net international migration: difference between the
total number of migrants entering (in-migrants)
and leaving (out-migrants) a country.
Flow: Number of migrants entering or leaving a
country over a specific time period (e.g. one year).
•
•
•
•
Flows occur between two geographic areas (origin and
destination)
In-flows: number moving into a given geographic area
(e.g. country of destination).
Out-flows: number moving away from that same area
(e.g. country of origin).
Gross Migration: Sum of in- and out-migration.
Slide 17
Flows, cont.
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Balance of net migration between any two
geographic areas is always “0” (number of inmigrants from area-1 is equal to number of outmigrants from area-2, and vice versa).
Most flow data collected on a yearly (12-month)
basis (some surveys use a five-year period).
International migration flow data are more typically
reported for “foreigners” than “foreign born.”
In-flow data are much more common than out-flow
data.
Slide 18
Flows
Change of
place of residence
Stocks
Individual
characteristics
Slide 19
In-Flows of Tunisian Nationals
Dataset: International
Migration Database
Country of origin Tunisia
Variable Inflows of foreign population by nationality
Gender Total
Year
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Country
Australia
i
0.004
0.013
0.003
0.019
0.005
0.004
0.013
0.009
0.007
0.009
0.008
Austria
i
0.174
0.168
0.242
0.24
0.235
0.221
0.157
0.168
0.191
0.155
0.197
Belgium
i
0.354
0.44
0.494
0.51
0.445
0.494
0.53
0.567
0.669
0.607
0.607
Canada
i
0.44
0.789
0.653
0.654
0.759
0.726
1.01
0.85
0.9
1.164
1.225
..
..
..
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.004
0.003
0.003
Chile
Czech Republic
i
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.133
0.08
0.105
0.047
Denmark
i
0.034
0.027
0.039
0.023
0.021
0.02
0.017
0.026
0.018
0.028
0.026
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.025
0.028
0.037
0.037
0.042
0.033
Estonia
Finland
i
0.023
0.014
0.014
0.025
0.031
France
i
5.588
6.596
7.779
9.438
8.866
7.95
8.219
7.764
7.854
7.5
9.52
Germany
i
2.463
2.581
2.517
2.43
2.618
2.331
2.266
1.918
1.868
1.837
1.955
Greece
i
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Hungary
i
..
..
..
..
..
0.009
0.09
0.013
0.026
0.029
0.019
Ireland
i
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.025
0.031
0.022
0.106
0.028
0.013
0.032
0.009
0.008
0.014
0.016
i
4.256
..
4.47
6.823
6.544
4.915
4.414
4.512
6.947
5.692
6.007
i
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.08
0.203
0.102
0.074
0.082
Korea
i
0.012
0.015
0.012
0.017
0.02
0.02
0.018
0.025
0.029
0.028
0.036
Luxembourg
i
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.021
0.021
0.024
0.012
0.03
0.036
0.036
0.036
Mexico
i
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0
0.001
0.002
0.007
Netherlands
i
0.165
0.162
0.156
0.182
0.115
0.1
0.091
0.068
0.1
0.108
0.097
New Zealand
i
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.001
0.003
0.001
..
0.001
Norway
i
0.041
0.039
0.04
0.021
0.033
0.044
0.05
0.045
0.035
0.046
0.024
Poland
i
0.048
0.07
0.065
0.089
0.078
0.1
0.22
0.264
0.297
0.35
0.498
Portugal
i
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Slovak Republic
i
..
..
..
0.013
0.018
0.01
0.008
0.015
0.017
0.019
0.021
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Spain
i
0.075
0.151
0.111
0.091
0.227
0.299
0.247
0.314
0.285
0.261
0.205
Sweden
i
0.078
0.081
0.09
0.14
0.126
0.163
0.182
0.196
0.183
0.209
0.25
Switzerland
i
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.569
Turkey
i
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
0.046
United Kingdom
i
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
United States
i
0.307
0.438
0.54
0.353
0.457
0.495
0.51
0.417
0.41
0.416
0.418
Israel
Italy
Japan
Slovenia
data extracted on 30 Aug 2012 10:14 UTC (GMT) from OECD.Stat
July 21, 2015
Slide 20
Foreigners
Foreign Born
Persons living in a
country without
citizenship of that
country
Persons living in
the country but
born in another
country
July 21, 2015
Slide 21
Country of Birth

The foreign born: those born outside their
current of country of residence.
•
People born outside their country of
residence, but citizens of this country at birth
(e.g. born abroad of national parents living
abroad), are often excluded from “foreignborn” tabulations
Slide 22
Country of Birth, cont.

Pros:
•
Does not change,
• Objective measure of actual migration
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Cons:
•
Can include nationals,
• Country borders can change over time,
• Less policy-relevant
July 21, 2015
Slide 23
Country of Citizenship
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Foreigners: those without citizenship of
their current country of residence
Can include people who live in their
country of birth and have never migrated
(non-citizens who have never moved away
from their country of birth)
Slide 24
Country of Citizenship, cont.
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Pros:
•
Legally relevant,
• Objective,
• Often collected in data sources
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Cons:
•
Can change,
• Dual citizenship,
• Not necessarily migrants
July 21, 2015
Slide 25
Country of Birth/Citizenship
Questions
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Place of birth
Citizenship
When became citizen
Multiple citizenship
Citizenship of Father/Mother
POB of Father/Mother (parental
nativity)
Citizenship of Spouse
Slide 26
Immigrants/non-immigrants can
be defined with this typology
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Foreign Born, non-citizen
Foreign Born, citizen at birth
Foreign Born, naturalized citizen
Native, citizen at birth
Native, non-citizen
Native, naturalized citizen
Slide 27
Descendants of foreign born
Native-born
Foreign-born
Native-born
parents
Foreigners
TOTAL
POPULATION
Foreign-born
parents
4-6
Slide 28
Migrant Classifications
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Duration of stay
Reason (purpose) for migration
• Labour migration (migrant workers)
• Family unification
• Student
• Asylum/refugees
• (Irregular, trafficking, transit)
Slide 29
Duration of Stay
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Permanent migrants (settlement)
Long-term migrants
Short-term migrants
Seasonal migrant workers (part of the
year)
Temporary (UN not define)
Foreign-border workers (daily or weekly)
Slide 30
Purpose of Stay
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Work/Employment related
Family related
Education related
Forced/Involunary vs. Voluntary
Measurement: objective (visas/permits)
vs. subjective (self-provided)
Slide 31
What is a labour migrant?
Only those admitted for specific work
reasons?
or
 Anyone who is of working age who moves
and subsequently (at some time) enters
the labour market

Slide 32
Labour Migration
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International “labour migration” is a sub-set of
total international migration
Foreign migrant workers: “foreigners admitted
by the receiving State for the specific purpose of
exercising an economic activity remunerated
from within the receiving country. Their length of
stay is usually restricted as is the type of
employment they can hold.” (UN 1998)
Employment based settlers: “foreigners selected
for long-term settlement because of their
qualifications and prospects in the receiving
country’s labour market.”
Slide 33
Migrant Workers (categories)
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Seasonal (part year)
Project-tied (for a specific project)
Contract (contractual restrictions)
Temporary (limited period in a specific
job or occupation)
Established (reside indefinitely)
Highly skilled (preferential treatment,
fewer restrictions)
Slide 34
Short-Term Foreign Workers (< 1 year)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Seasonal agricultural workers
Seasonal hotel work
Construction workers
Labour tourists
Highly skilled ‘consultants’
Entertainers
Visiting scholars
Slide 35
Long-Term Foreign Workers (> 1
year, but not permanent)
•
Skilled workers
• Atheletes
• Overseas students
• etc.
Slide 36
Permanent Immigrants
•
Foreign born workers with the right of
permanent settlement
• Foreign born children entering the labour
market
• Overseas students
• etc.
Slide 37
Migrant Worker Definition (ILO)
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”A person who migrates or has migrated from one
country to another with a view to being employed
otherwise than on his own account and includes
any person regularly admitted as a migrant for
employment/migrant worker.” (1949)
“All persons who, at a particular reference date or
for a particular reference period, seek to work or
were working in a country other than that of their
citizenship.” (Hoffman and Lawrence 1996).
Slide 38
Multiple Methods of Measurement
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All international migrants who are
currently in labour force (both employed
and unemployed) (stock)
Those who entered a country for the
explicit purpose of employment (flow)
Objective vs. subjective sources
Slide 39
Measurement, cont.

Legal documents used to enter or live in a
country (e.g. visa types or residence
permits) (flow data)
•
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
This method often misses “irregular” migrants
who enter a country without legal permission
Ask migrant why they moved to a country
(subjective reason)
Note: Methods which measure migrants in terms of usual
residency often fail to capture temporary migrant groups
like seasonal workers
Slide 40
Family-Related Migrants
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Family-based Settlers: “Foreigners
selected for long-term settlement because
of family ties they have with citizens or
foreigners already residing in the receiving
country.” (UN 1998)
Join (family reunification) or accompany
(spouse/children)
Spouse, dependent children, other
children, parents, siblings
Visa and permit types
Slide 41
Education
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
Subcategory of foreigners admitted for
special purposes
“Foreign students are persons admitted by
a country other than their own for the
specific purposes of following a particular
program of study. In some countries,
foreign students are allowed to work under
certain circumstances.” (UN 1998)
Slide 42
Asylum Categories

Covers whole spectrum of international movements
caused by persecution, conflict, or natural disaster.
• Refugees: persons with a well founded fear of
persecution for reasons of race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social
group, or political opinion.
• Humanitarian-based
• Asylum seekers: persons who file an application
for asylum in a country other than their own.
• Temporary protected status
• Stay of deportation
Slide 43
Irregular Migrants
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
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“Persons in a state other than their own
who have not fully satisfied the conditions
and requirements set forth by that State to
enter, stay, or work in that State's territory”
(UN/ILO 1997)
Irregular (“illegal” or “unauthorized”)
migrants are not legally residing in their
country of residence.
Irregular entry vs. irregular stay
Slide 44
Irregular Migrants, cont.
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Often enter country through legal means but
overstay visas (or had refugee status rejected)
and remain in country. Others by-pass formal
methods and enter via invalid travel documents or
through non-controlled borders.
Extremely difficult to measure this population,
especially seasonal migrant workers and others
who are moving back and forth between two or
more countries.
Regular sources of measurement undercount
irregular migrants.
Slide 45
Trafficking/Smuggling
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Forms of irregular migration
“Trafficking” is restricted to situations in
which people are deceived, threatened, or
coerced in situations of exploitation.
“Human smuggling” implies a migrant
voluntarily uses services to circumvent
immigration restrictions, without necessarily
being a victim of deception or exploitation
Often difficult to separate the two
Slide 46
Transit Migration
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Migration through neighboring (en route)
countries to reach final destination (e.g.
Sub-Saharan Africa to Europe, via
Maghreb countries)
Defined based on intention to move on
(not necessarily actual)
Often becomes permanent in transit
countries
Usually associated with irregular migration
Slide 47