Transcript CAFRE Development Service

Grain Storage -
Store pests and diseases
1
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Describe common pests of a given crop
group.
Describe best practice in relation to
pesticide usage
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Grain storage pests
Field pests
◦ Slugs
◦ Leatherjackets
◦ Aphids
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Pests of oilseed rape
Potato pests – PCN
Pesticide best practice – The Basics
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Saw tooth grain beetle
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Grain Weevil
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Grain mites
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Rats/Mice
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Prior to filling, grain stores should
be:
◦ Thoroughly cleaned
◦ Fumigated
◦ Vermin proof
◦ Weather proof
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Saw-toothed grain beetle
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Survive in previous grain
residues.
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Multiply at MC above 14% and
temperatures from 17.5 40°C.
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Feed on the grain in both adult
and larvae stages causing
hotspots.
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Control by:
◦ Store hygiene
◦ Drying grain below 14% MC and cool to 15°C.
◦ Apply insecticide to grain
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Saw toothed grain beetle – Oryzaephilus surinamensis
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Control:
◦ Store hygiene
◦ Store below 12 °C
◦ Apply insecticide
to grain
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Grain Weevil
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Survive in store and on residues of previous crop.
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Brought in on grain.
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Adult females bore holes in grain and lay eggs.
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Larvae eat the grain from inside.
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Grain weevil -Sitophilus granarius
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Grain Mites
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Enter store on grain or
survive in store residues.
Damage grain by eating the
germ and causing taints and
fungal infections.
Multiply rapidly in moist
conditions.
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Control by
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Keeping the grain dry – 14% MC
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Maintain store RH below 65%
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Store hygiene
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Grain mite –
Glycyphagus species
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1.
Primary pests – these live, feed and develop in grain
stocks - the most serious group
Beetles
Mites
<2mm diametre
<5mm length
0.5mm
Multiplication
rate
60x per mth
2,000 x per mth
Min breed oC
Weevils 13oC
Beetles 18oC
5oC
2-12%
15%
Size
Min MC%
15
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Secondary pests – feed on crop residues and
mould
Often present with nesting birds
Usually a high fungal content in the crop
Often slower breeding and few generations
Tend to have a lower min breeding temp and
prefer moister conditions
Strays – enter from outside store or brought in
at harvest
Seldom cause damage but may lead to rejection
of crop
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House/field mice
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Norway/Brown Rat
Where possible, ensure that all doors are tight fitting
and access to sheds is limited.
Need to ensure that all bait points are monitored on
a regular basis and all baits points are recorded on
farmyard layout.
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Slugs
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Leatherjackets
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Grain Aphids
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Potato Cyst Nematode (PCN)
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Mollusca
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Soft slimy bodies,
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Prone to drying out and must retreat to damp
places when weather dries up.
Controlled by cultural (rove beetles) and slug
pellets (metiocarb, methalyhde, etc. )
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Bait to assess numbers
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Threshold for treatment
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◦ Winter Wheat
4 slugs/trap
◦ WOSR
1 slug/trap
Size of trap, 30cm x 30cm.
Metaldehyde stewardship
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Larvae of cranefly (daddy long legs)
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Feeds on roots of grasses
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Feeds directly on seeds in the soil.
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Adults lay eggs in Aug-Oct
◦ Depending on weather damage is seen as feeding
in following spring
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Monitor to assess levels
Reseeds & cereals exiting
long term leys highest risk
Chlopyrifos
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Feed on all cereal crops
Feeds on phloem of plant by using spikelet to
burrow down into get sugar from plant.
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Primary cause of BYDV in cereals
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Activity will increase in warm weather.
BYDV controlled by
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Long cultivation window – 3 weeks
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Bury grass + trash
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Seed treatment to control virus vectors
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Monitor aphid migration + Spray aphicide
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Potato Cyst Nematodes (PCN) also known as
eel worms.
Feed on roots of Solanaceae Family (potatoes
and tomatoes)
Can cause a yield reduction in up to 60% in
infected fields.
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Rotation
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Plant certified basic seed
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PCN soil sampling when using farm saved seed
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Clean shared machinery
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Dispose of grader waste to an on-farm tip or field of origin
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Do not feed or spread untreated vegetable waste
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Be wary of imported animal manures
Cabbage Stem Flea Beetle
Pollen Beetles
31
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Prior to filling, grain stores should
be:
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Grain weevil -Sitophilus granarius
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Grain mite – Glycyphagus species
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Name this store pest
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From 26th Nov 2015 only sprayer operators
with a PA1 & PA2 will be legally be able to
apply chemicals.
To apply pesticides must have a
recommendation from a BASIS qualified
adviser
Treatments must be recorded in the
pesticides application record book.
PESTICIDE PRODUCT LABEL
Contains information to help you get the
best performance from the pesticide
It also helps you use the pesticide:
◦ Safely
◦ Effectively
◦ Accurately
Read and Understand
the product label
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Contains a lot of information
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Some information legally binding.
Main categories of text:
1.
Important information – eg dose rates, application rates, etc
2.
Advisory Information – eg compatability, timings, etc
PESTICIDE LABEL
PLEASE FIND THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
Agritox
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Product Name:
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Approval Number:
MAPP 14894
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Active Ingredient:
MCPA
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Pesticide Type:
Herbicide
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What insects are controlled by this product:
Broad-leaved weeds
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Crops on which product may be used:
Winter and Spring Wheat, Barley, Rye, Oats and Grassland
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Product Form (Liquid or Powder):
Liquid
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Product Hazard Symbol:
Harmful and Dangerous for the Environment
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Approved Field of Use:
As an Agricultural Herbicide to control Broad-leaved weeds on
Wheat, Barley, Rye, Oats and Grassland.
Application Of Product
Maximum Individual
Dose
Maximum Total
Dose
Latest Time of
Application
Winter & Spring Wheat, Barley,
Rye & Oats
3.3 L/Ha
3.3 L/Ha/Crop
Before 1st Node
Detectable (GS 31)
Undersown Cereals (as above) with
Red Clover
1.4 L/Ha
1.4 L/Ha/Crop
Before 1st Node
Detectable (GS 31)
Grassland
3.3 L/Ha
6.6 L/Ha/Crop
Not Applicable
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Restrictions (give 3):
Sprayer Application Rate /Ha (litres):
Spray Quality:
Is Agritox compatible with other products?
What Advice is given?
List Operator PPE:
Environmental Protection
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List Buffer Zones for this product:
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Can Buffer zone be reduced under LERAP
What is an Adjuvant?
Any 3
Not Less than 200L/Ha
Medium / Coarse
Yes
Consult Manufacturer or Agronomist
Coveralls, Gloves, Face Shield
Flowing Water
5 metres
Dry Ditch
1 metre
Yes
A wetter or sticker to improve product effectiveness
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
Coverall
Gloves
Face shield
Goggles
Dust mask
Footwear
Respiratory Protective Equipment (RPE)
Waterproof apron
Pesticide Application Record
Date
Site of Application
Crop Treated
Reason for Treatment
Pesticide Used
Pesticide Dose Rate (l/ha or kg/ha)
Spray Application Rate (l/ha)
Nozzle type and Code
Spray Pressure (bar)
Weather Conditions
Start Time
Finish Time
Other Relevant Information
Operators Name
Operators Signature