Transcript Glottalization

Glottalic
consonants
Presented by 朱海群
outline
Definition of glottalic consonants
 Ejective consonants
 Implosive consonants
 Glottalic consonants in Hausa languages
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Glottal consonants
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A glottalic consonant is a consonant produced with some
important contribution (a movement, a closure) of the
glottis (the opening that leads from the nose and mouth
cavities into the larynx and the lungs).
Glottalic sounds may involve motion of the larynx upward
or downward, making them egressive or ingressive,
respectively.
Egressive glottalics are also called ejectives, while
ingressive glottalics are known as implosives.
Ejective consonants
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Ejectives are glottalic egressive consonants which are
pronounced with simultaneous glottal closure. The glottis
is raised while the forward articulation (a [k] in the case of
[kʼ]) is held, raising air pressure in the mouth, so that when
the [k] is released, there is a noticeable burst of air. The
adam's apple may be seen moving when the sound is
pronounced.
The vast majority of ejective consonants noted in the
world's languages are plosives or affricates, and all are
obstruents.
Ejectives occur in about 15% of languages around the
world.
Many of the languages of America, Africa, the Caucasus
and Siberia feature ejectives.
How to produce an ejective consonant
In order to produce, for example, an ejective k, do as follows:
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Press the back of your tongue to the roof of your mouth so
as to pronounce a [k].
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Move your glottis upward. Since this is not something you
normally do, you may need to monitor your adam's apple
with your fingers.
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You may notice the pressure building. Release the back of
your tongue, letting out air for a [ka]. The [k] should be
clicky and dull. (Your glottis will move down again during
the [a], so don't mind that.)
Implosive consonants
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Implosive consonants are plosives (rarely
affricates) with a glottalic ingressive airstream
mechanism. That is, the airstream is controlled by
moving the glottis downward, rather than by
expelling air from the lungs as in normal pulmonic
consonants.
Implosives are found in approximately 10%-15%
of the world's languages.
Implosives are found throughout African and, to a
lesser extent, Southeast Asia. They are rather rare
elsewhere.
How to produce an implosive consonant
In order to produce an implosive b, do as follows:
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Close your lips together so to as pronounce a [b].
Move your glottis downward as if you were
swallowing. You should be able to feel it move with
your fingers; if you have a noticeable adam's apple,
you should also be able to see it move in a mirror.
While 'swallowing', open your lips and say [ba]. Try
doing this quickly so that the air flows into your
mouth while you pronounce the [b]. There should
be a deep hollow sound, and the [a] should follow
smoothly.
Glottalized Consonants in Hausa languages
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Hausa has glottalic consonants at four or five places of
articulation (depending on the dialect). They require
movement of the throat during pronunciation and have a
staccato sound.
b', an bilabial implosive consonant, IPA [ɓ], or sometimes
[ʔb];
d', an alveolar implosive consonant, [ɗ], sometimes [dʔ];
ts', an alveolar ejective consonant, [tsʼ] or [sʼ] according to
the dialect;
ch', a palato-alveolar ejective consonant, [tʃʼ] (does not
occur in Kano dialect)
k', an velar ejective consonant, [kʼ];