Transcript Greece - PBworks

Chapter 4
Standards
 SSWH3 The student will examine the political,
philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical
Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE.
 a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek
polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
 d. Describe polytheism in the Greek and Roman world
and the origins and diffusion of Christianity in the
Roman world.
The Physical Environment
 Peninsulas, mountains, & islands = isolated city-states
 Tectonic activity (earthquakes & volcanoes)
 Warm, Mediterranean, climate = outdoor activities
Mycenae (MY SEE NEE)
 1600-1100 B.C. in Southern Greece (Peloponnesus)
 The first “Greek” city-state
 Indo – Europeans
 Each city had its own Monarch
They lived in fortified palaces that were built on hills
& surrounded by walls
 Were buried in beehive shaped tombs called Tholos
 Ended because of civil war & invasion from the north
 Greece enters a “dark age”
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The Trojan War????
 The Trojan War was supposed to have been fought
between Mycenae (Greece) and Troy (Turkey)
 There really was a King Agamemnon @ 250 B.C.
 We have found the ruins of Troy (modern
Turkey)
 We don’t know if there really was a war
 If there was a war, it would have probably been
fought over the Dardanelles, not over a woman
This is what the Trojan horse might
have looked like
The Dark Ages of Greece
 Cause & effect:
• the Mycenaean civilization is destroyed - the population & food
production decrease
• the population & food production decrease - people began to
migrate & set up colonies
• Settling colonies = more trade & sharing culture
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Ionia = Asia Minor (Anatolia)
Aeolia = North & Central Greece & islands
Doria = Southwest Greece (Peloponnesus) & the Aegean islands
(including Crete)
• the most famous colony is the city-state of Byzantium
– Byzantium = Constantinople = Istanbul
– Becomes the capital of the Byzantine Empire AKA the Eastern
Roman Empire)
The City - State
• Polis = city
– Independent from each other
– Controlled the surrounding territory
– Political, social, & religious centers
• Acropolis = fortified refuge, usually located at the top of a hill
• Agora = open area in the middle of town, usually used as a
market place or a place to assemble
Acropolis of Athens
Agora of Athens
What the Agora looked like
Greek Military
 cavalry soldiers = aristocracy
 infantry = peasants = Hoplites
 Round shield
 Short sword
 8 ft. spear
 Helmet with a mohawk of feathers
 Marched in phalanx (FAY LANX) = shoulder to shoulder
in a rectangular formation
Hoplite in uniform
Phalanx
The People
 Adult males = citizen
 Had the right to vote in assembly
 Greek Women & Children = citizens
 without the right to vote
 Slaves & resident aliens = non-citizens
 no rights
Types of Greek Government
 Aristocratic rule
 a few rich landowners controlled everything
 Tyranny = seized power from the aristocrats by force
 supported by the rich merchants & the poor landowners that
owed money to the aristocracy
 Kept control with paid soldiers (mercenaries)
 Oligarchy = rule by the few (Sparta)
 Democracy = rule by the many, or rule by the people
(Athens)
Tyranny
 Cause & effect
 A Lack of farmland = colonization
 Colonization = increased trade/wealth
 increased trade/wealth = tyranny
 The people liked the Tyrants
 Hired solders to maintain order, & built markets,
temples, & city walls to keep the people happy
 Most of the Tyrants were replaced soon after they
came to power, because the Greeks believed in the
rule of law
Sparta
 Located on the Peloponnese Peninsula
 Conquered neighbors & made them serfs (Helots)
 Military government
 wanted to remain isolated so that outside ideas could
not pollute the minds of the people
 Women had more freedoms than anywhere else in
the ancient world because they ran the households &
farms while their men lived in the barracks
Spartan Oligarchy
 Military state:
 Ephors
 5 (annually) elected officials in charge of education & conduct of
citizens
 Council of elders
 2 kings + 28 male citizens over 60
 Got to debate issues
 The assembly
 all male citizens over 30
 Could vote but did not get to debate issues
 Stratified society:
 Citizens = Spartan men, women, & children
 Helots = slaves (people the Spartans conquered)
Military State
 All babies were inspected by government officials when they
were born, if the weren’t good enough they were “exposed”
on the side of a mountain
 All males citizens had to join the army:
 entered training when they were 7
 joined the army when they were 20 years old
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They were required to get married at 20, but lived in the military
barracks until they were 30
had to eat all meals at the public dining hall (black broth)
 they couldn’t retire until they were 60
The Greek City- States
Athens
 Located on the Attica peninsula
 an oligarchy of aristocrats took control of politics
 594 B.C. They aristocrats appointed Solon as ruler
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an attempt to avoid civil war
many peasants could not pay their debts to the wealthy landowners
 He was replaced with the tyrant Pisistratus who gave all the
land to the poor peasants
 the peasants rebelled & put Cleisthenes in power
 he created a council of 500 & gave more power to the assembly
 established the basis of Athenian Democracy
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Democracy = “the rule of the many,” government by the people, either
directly or through their elected representatives
The Persians are Coming!!!
 Ionia (the Greek Colony on the coast of Anatolia) was
taken over by the Persian Empire (Darius I)
 499 B.C., Athens tried to help the Ionians rebel (they
failed)
 490 B.C. Persia attacked Greece (to pay them back)
 The Athenians won the battle at Marathon
 Pheidippedes ran 26 miles to Athens to tell everyone the good news,
then died
 480 B.C., Xerxes, Darius’ I son, invaded Athens
 7,000 Greeks v. 180,000 Persians
 Thermopylae Pass
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300 Spartans were especially brave, but they were betrayed
 the people of Athens abandoned their city
 The unified Greeks army called the Delian League
defeated the Persians
Classical Greece
 The Delian League continued to “protect” all of the Greek
city-states after the Persian but Athens had all the power
 Pericles was the democratically elected leader of Athens
 “The Age of Pericles” & “the school of Greece”
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Direct Democracy
paid public officials = poor people could take part in government
rebuilt Athens including the Acropolis (Delian $)
10 elected generals ran policy in Athens
Ostracism = banned for 10 years
Pericles
Daily Life in Athens
 City population:
 150,000 citizens, 35,000 foreigners, 100,000 slaves
 Economy:
 based primarily on farming & trade (grapes=wine, olives=olive
oil, they had to import grain)
 Women = citizens?
 no political rights
 were allowed to participate in religious festivals
 were not allowed to leave their houses without a companion
 were not allowed to own property
 were not given an education, they were expected to marry by
the age of 15
The Peloponnesian War
 Sparta got mad that Athens for spending Delian League
money to rebuild Athens
 431 B.C. Sparta laid siege to Athens
 Pericles knew the Spartans would win in open battle, so he kept
the Athenians behind their walls
 430 B.C. a plague broke out in Athens
 1/3 of the people were killed (including Pericles)
 405 B.C. Athens was defeated
 Sparta, Athens, & Thebes struggle over domination for the next
66 years
 Meanwhile… Macedonia in the north was becoming more
powerful (Alexander the Great)
Greek Religion
 The Titans
 The 12 gods of Mt. Olympus (highest mt. in Greece)
 they built large temples to the gods where the people could
perform rituals & festivals (Olympics in 776 B.C.) to make the
gods look favorably on them
 Oracles = people who could tell you the will of the gods
(temple of Apollo at Delphi)
 ambiguous answers
 Mythology = stories about the gods
 Aphrodite (Venus) Goddess of beauty and sexual desire
 Apollo (Apollo) God of prophecy, medicine, and archery
(late mythology: God of the sun)
 Ares (Mars) God of War
 Artemis (Diana) Goddess of the hunt (late mythology:
Goddess of moon)
 Athena (Minerva) Goddess of arts and crafts, and war;
Helper of heroes (late mythology: Goddess of wisdom)
 Hera (Juno) Goddess of marriage and childbirth;
Protector of married women; Queen of the gods
 Hades (Pluto) God of the underworld; Lord of the dead
 Poseidon (Neptune) God of the sea and earthquakes
 Zeus (Jupiter) Ruler of the gods
Zeus’ kids
Greek Drama
 Created western drama
 Tragedies (trilogies) focused on: the nature of good & evil, the
rights of the individual, the role of the gods in life, & human
nature
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Oresteia by Aeschylus
Oedipus Rex by Sophocles
Euripides focused of real life situations
 Comedies developed later & criticized society
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Aristophanes
The Writing of Histories
 A systematic analysis of past events
 Herodotus (the first) wrote The history of the Persian
Wars
 Thucydides (the best) wrote the History of the
Peloponnesian War… he was Athenian general who was
exiled for a defeat
Greek (Classical) Art
 Moderation, balance, & harmony
 usually focused on beautiful human beings
 Architecture = calm, clarity, & freedom from
unnecessary detail
 temples= the Parthenon (447 -432 B.C.)
 Columns = Doric, ionic, Corinthian
 Sculpture = idealized, lifelike male nudes
 Polyclitus wrote Doryphoros
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Set ideal proportions based on mathematical ratios found in
nature