Transcript Massive Test Prep, Part 3 - Welcome to Mr. C's Website

Massive Test Prep, Part 3
US History
8.1- Events leading to the
Founding of Our Nation
1.The Great Awakening was one of the first
shared national events in America.
2.The Declaration of Independence suggested
that government should allow for the
expression of personal freedoms that were
absent in their current system.
8.1- Events leading to the Founding
of Our Nation
3.America’s Revolution affected many nations: it left
France with a crushing debt that eventually saw it
citizens rebel against their own leaders; Great Britain
lost the Americas forever and started a new round of
warring against its old enemy, France; and Spain won
the Florida territory from Britain.
4.America balanced its desire to involve its citizens in
its government with the reality that those people
needed strict traditions (British Parliamentary
procedures) to accomplish their goals.
8.2- US Constitution
5.The ideas contained within the Magna Carta,
English Bill of Rights, and Mayflower
Compact were later used to create the US
Constitution.
6.The Articles of Confederation created a weak
alliance of states that left the country bankrupt
and without a strong central government.
8.2- US Constitution
7. The Constitution created a strong central government
with three equal branches that would create, carry
out, and judge the laws of the country.
8. After the Constitution was created, the AntiFederalists believed that the Congress needed to add a
Bill of Rights to better protect the American people.
9. The Federalist Papers helped to convince a divided
America why their country needed the Bill of Rights.
8.2- US Constitution
10. Our founding fathers believed that the church and
state should be separate, because of the conflicts that
arose between European monarchies and the pope.
11. The Bill of Rights provides a method for the
government to accept new powers and grant further
rights to its citizens.
12. There are 10 Amendments contained within the Bill
of Rights, and 27 Amendments in total.
13. Government provides a number of powers that allow
it to run efficiently, while separating its duties, and
creating greater equality between its branches.
8.3- American Political System
14. Between 1777 and 1781, state governments
placed power in the hands of elected officials,
which influenced a similar process in our
national government.
15.The land ordinances of 1785 and 1787 created
privately owned lands that each territory could
use to attract new residents and strengthen the
country’s growing borders.
8.3- American Political System
16. America’s common markets encouraged the use of a
single monetary system, and used its federal powers
to balance trade and commerce between the states.
17. Alexander Hamilton believed that the country
should assume all state debts in exchange for rights to
establish Washington DC.
18. Jefferson believed in a strict interpretation of the
Constitution, while Hamilton argued for a loose
interpretation.
8.3- American Political System
19. The differences between Hamilton and
Jefferson helped to start the nation’s two party
system after George Washington’s retirement
from office.
20. Shay’s Rebellion and the Whiskey Rebellion
demonstrated the independence of Americans
to question their government’s decisions.
8.3- American Political System
21. Our republic allows citizens to vote for and
communicate with our leaders, run for office,
and remove officials through impeachment or
referendum.
22. A free press uses the rights granted in the 1st
Amendment to report the government’s
actions, while maintaining objectivity during
the newsgathering process.
8.4- New Nation
23. Americans realized that the US was rich in
resources and wanted to exploit them.
24. The first four presidents encouraged
expansion of the US through land ordinances
in 1785 and 1787, as well as through the
Louisiana Purchase.
8.4- New Nation
25. Speeches made by Presidents Washington,
Jefferson, and John Adams peacefully
challenged the policies of their predecessors
while transferring power without conflict.
26. American writers, like James Fennimore
Cooper and Washington Irving, and artists, like
John Copley and Gilbert Stuart, produced
works that broke traditional European
standards and helped to redefine our nation.
8.5- US Foreign Policy
27. The War of 1812 was fought over British
impressments of sailors, and resulted in no
winner and no exchange of land.
28. The song “The Star Spangled Banner,” the
layout of the American flag, and America’s
strong sense of nationalism were established
during this time. It also permanently ended the
power of the Federalist Party.
8.5- US Foreign Policy
29. America’s borders kept changing during the
1800’s, with the acquisition of Florida and
settlement of the Louisiana Territory.
30. The US and Mexico established their borders
along Texas; and treaties with Canada brought
a peace to our northern border that continues
today.
8.5- US Foreign Policy
31. The Monroe Doctrine sent the message that
America would further expand its borders and
not allow countries to establish new colonies
in America.
32. Treaties with Native Americans were
constantly broken and America made many
efforts to remove them from their valuable
lands.
8.6- The Changing Paths of
Americans in the North
33. Americans in the North built roads,
steamboats, and canals to better transport
goods throughout the country. Railroads
provided faster and cheaper transportation.
34. Deforestation and heavy mining stripped the
American landscape to fuel the growth of new
cities.
8.6- The Changing Paths of
Americans in the North
35.Henry Clay created the American System, which
constructed roads and canals and established a
national bank to lend money to developing countries.
36. Millions of Europeans immigrated to the US, hoping
for work in the cities created by the American
System. Ireland’s Potato Famine forced many more
Irish to the US than expected.
37. Only a handful of northern blacks were able to rise
above slavery to attend schools and colleges. People
like Henry Boyd and Samuel Cornish were
exceptions to the rule.
8.6- The Changing Paths of
Americans in the North
38. Horace Mann started an educational reform in the US during
the 1830’s- the school year was lengthened, teacher salaries
were improved, and they became better trained.
39. Women’s suffrage was furthered in the 1850’s by Susan B.
Anthony and Elizabeth Stanton- it was not until 1920 that
women were granted the right to vote.
40. Changes in American society influenced art and literatureartists painted American landscapes, Transcendentalists like
Emerson and Thoreau wrote about humans and nature, and
writers like Washington Irving presented unique American
stories.
8.7- The Changing Paths of
Americans in the South
41. Americans in the South created large farming
communities where cotton was produced.
Slavery and cotton production grew stronger as
“Deep South” states like Alabama and
Mississippi grew.
42. The Cotton Gin allowed farmers to greatly
increase the amount of cotton produced.
8.7- The Changing Paths of
Americans in the South
43.The efforts to remove slavery began in the mid
1800’s but were met with anger by Southerners.
People like William Garrison, Sara Grimke and
Frederick Douglass were called abolitionists because
they spoke out against slavery.
44. The Underground Railroad was an underground
escape route started by abolitionists- it gave hope to
slaves for a better life. Important “conductors”
included Harriet Tubman.
8.7- The Changing Paths of
Americans in the South
45. Southern society was based on four levels:
yeomen, tenant farmers, rural poor, and
plantation owners. Owners of plantations
controlled most of the wealth in the south.
46. Most blacks, regardless of their location, had
few rights and little money. They were denied
entrance to colleges and higher-paying jobs.
8.8- The Changing Paths of
Americans in the West
47. Andrew Jackson ran for president in 1828- he
was part of the Democratic-Republicans, who
favored state’s rights and mistrusted a strong
central government.
48. Under his presidency, Jackson pushed for
equal rights for all whites- more white men
voted, and the people directly voted for the
president by 1828.
8.8- The Changing Paths of
Americans in the West
49. Jackson forced many Indian tribes off their lands,
even though the Supreme Court ruled that it was
illegal for him to do so.
50. By 1840, people believed it was their Manifest
Destiny (God’s Will) to colonize all of America.
Native tribes were forced from their lands in acts like
The Trail of Tears.
51. The exploration of the Louisiana Territory by Lewis
and Clark made Americans realize the great resources
that were contained in our country’s interior.
8.8- The Changing Paths of
Americans in the West
52. Spanish missions became an important method to
colonize early California.
53. Settlement of California accelerated with the
discovery of gold in 1849; cities saw a drop in
population as people fled westward hoping to strike it
rich.
54. Many Gold Rush towns lacked law and orderconcerned citizens created bands of vigilantes that
took the law into their own hands.
8.8- The Changing Paths of
Americans in the West
55. Mexico attempted to colonize California after
winning it from Spain in 1821- they disliked slavery
and sold the missions to landowners.
56. Mexico offered large amounts of land to Tejanos if
they would colonize Texas.
57. Texans declared their independence from Mexico in
1835 because they disagreed with Mexico’s economic
policies. The Battle at the Alamo was an important
event in this discussion.
8.8- The Changing Paths of
Americans in the West
58. Mexico and the US went to war to in 1846,
because the US wanted to control California
and New Mexico. Mexico lost and was forced
to give up Texas, California and New Mexico.
59. The territory of Arizona was brought into the
US by The Gadsden Purchase in 1853.
8.9- Early Attempts to Abolish
Slavery
60. The Civil War was fought from 1861-1865
over the issues of slavery and economics- the
620,000 that died represents the greatest loss
of American life in war.
61. Abolitionists like John Brown, Frederick
Douglass, and Harriet Tubman made many
efforts to halt slavery.
8.9- Early Attempts to Abolish
Slavery
62. The admissions of Texas and California highlighted
the deep divisions that existed in America regarding
slavery during the 1840’s and 50’s.
63. The Compromise of 1850 failed to settle slavery,
and Southerners passed the Fugitive Slave Act, which
required Northerners to return escaped slaves.
64. “Bleeding Kansas” took place in 1856, when proand anti-slavery forces clashed because pro-slave
forces in Missouri had crossed the border to pad the
slave vote in that state.
8.9- Early Attempts to Abolish
Slavery
65. The Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri to
enter as a slave state, and Maine to enter as a free
one. Although it balanced the numbers of free and
slave states, it did nothing to address the issues of
slavery.
66. John Brown’s Raid in 1859 was influenced by the
events of “Bleeding Kansas”- he tried to start a slave
revolt by arming them with weapons he stole from an
arsenal in Kansas.
67. The Wilmot Proviso (1846) and the KansasNebraska Act (1854) made unsuccessful attempts to
end slavery.
8.9- Early Attempts to Abolish
Slavery
68. In 1857, the slave Dred Scott sued for his freedom, because
he claimed that he had lived in a state where slavery had been
banned. The Supreme Court ruled against him, and this
electrified anti-slave forces throughout the country.
69. A series of political debates between Senate candidates
Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas took place in 1858.
The issue of slavery took center stage.
70. Free blacks continued to struggle in northern states, where
they faced racism and state laws that recognized their freedom,
but did not provide methods for them to compete with white
workers.
8.10- The Civil War
71. Speeches by Daniel Webster and John C.
Calhoun demonstrated the differences states
felt between the government’s ability to end
slavery and enforce their decision.
72. Slave states included: GA, LA, AL, FA, N/S
Car, VA, TN, AK, KY, MS and Miss.
8.10- The Civil War
73. Free States: IA, IL, MN, IA, OH, PA, NY,
NJ, DE, CT, MS., VT, ME, NH, and RI
74. Slave states were totally dependent upon
farming to survive, while Free states had a
better balance of manufacturing and industry.
75. After Lincoln’s election in 1860, slave states
began to secede from the Union- the
Crittenden Provision was an example of how
the south began that process.
8.10- The Civil War
76. Abraham Lincoln shared his philosophy on the
moral dilemma of slavery through writings like his
“House Divided” speech, as well as the Gettysburg
Address, Emancipation Proclamation, and inaugural
addresses.
77. In 1858, Lincoln said, “A House divided cannot
endure”- his speech expressed cooperation and
warned against what would happen if the CW were
occur.
78. The Emancipation Proclamation, written in 1863,
gave slaves their freedom in states where Union
troops had won.
8.10- The Civil War
79. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, given in 1863,
became his most well known speech, but was
unpopular at the time he gave it.
80. Southern leaders saw slavery in different ways:
Robert E. Lee didn’t like slavery, but refused to fight
against fellow southerners; Jefferson Davis saw the
north’s economy as a threat to the south’s way of life;
Ulysses S. Grant believed opposite of Davis
81. Southern Leadership: Davis, Lee, Johnston,
Beauregard
8.10- The Civil War
82. Northern Leadership: Lincoln, McClellan,
Grant, Sherman
83. At war’s beginning, the Union had more
resources, men, and money; the Confederates
had better generals and were fighting a
defensive war.
84. Union victories included Shiloh, Gettysburg
and Vicksburg.
8.10- The Civil War
85. Southern victories included Manassas and Bull Run.
86. Lee surrendered at Appomattox in April 1865southern troops were granted amnesty
87. Results of the war: people realized that the good of
country outweighed the good of the states; generals
realized that warfare had to change with our growing
technology; land and air were polluted for years from
fires and deforestation; the south were forced to
accept economic and political changes to their way of
life.
8.11- Reconstruction
88. Lincoln’s attempts at Reconstruction were
aimed at healing the country, not at punishing
the south. Reconstruction (1865-77) was an
attempt to rebuild southern states.
8.11- Reconstruction
89. Lincoln’s assassination in 1865 by John Wilkes
Booth negatively affected the north’s ability to create
lasting peace- southerners refused to ratify the 13th
Amendment, and they passed black codes, which
limited the freedom of blacks. President Andrew
Johnson’s stubbornness also contributed to the rocky
transition.
90. Moderates and Radical Republicans pushed for
Reconstruction in different ways: Moderates wanted
to slowly transition southern society and leadership;
the Radicals demanded equal rights for all freedmen
and wanted to destroy the south’s ruling class.
8.11- Reconstruction
91. Johnson and Congress clashed on black
rights- Johnson felt blacks might rise up if they
had equal rights, and that the government
might become too centralized.
92. The 14th Amendment granted blacks their
citizenship but did not grant them suffrage.
8.11- Reconstruction
93. The Ku Klux Klan rose in power during the 1870’s and was
made up of ex-southern soldiers. Although President Ulysses
Grant squashed the political power of the Klan, Southern
mistreatment of blacks continued into the 1890’s.
94. Jim Crow Laws created segregation legal in southern theatres,
trolleys and cemeteries; in Plessy vs. Ferguson, the Supreme
Court ruled that segregation was legal as long as facilities were
“separate but equal.”
95. The 13th Amendment abolished slavery in 1865, while the 15th
Amendment granted suffrage rights to blacks, and represented
an important victory for the Radicals.
8.12- Economic Transformation
and the Industrial Revolution
96. Southern leaders pushed for a “New South”one that would rebuild their rail lines, create
new industries like steel, cloth and tobacco
processing.
97. The government created policies against
Indians because they needed the resources of
the west to fuel the Industrial Revolution.
8.12- Economic Transformation and
the Industrial Revolution
98. The Indian wars began in the 1870’s- while they
experienced victories at Little Bighorn, the US forced
Indians onto reservations and destroyed their way of
life.
99. The government encouraged the growth of
corporations, which allowed these companies to
borrow large sums of money.
100. Entrepreneurs, people who started businesses,
became ruthless against their competitors- critics
called them “robber barons.” These people included
Andrew Carnegie (steel), John D. Rockefeller (oil),
and Leland Stanford (railroads).
8.12- Economic Transformation and
the Industrial Revolution
101. By the 1880’s, a new wave of immigrants came to
the US- ethnic neighborhoods grew in cities like
Chicago, Boston, and New York.
102. Industrialization caused an explosive growth in
cities as rural farmers and immigrants moved in,
seeking greater opportunities.
103. The use of steel greatly increased the height of
skyscrapers, and electricity allowed streetcars to
become more common.
8.12- Economic Transformation and
the Industrial Revolution
104. Child labor was exploited in the late 1800’s,
adults worked long hours with no job
protection, and the government did little to
protect the rights of these people.
105. Thomas Edison’s creation of the light bulb
greatly increased the safety of the growing city
streets.
8.12- Economic Transformation and
the Industrial Revolution
106. Alexander Bell’s creation of the telephone
quickly connected major cities and increased
business opportunities.
107. The invention of the airplane, along with
the creation of the transcontinental railroad,
allowed bulk items to be transported quicker
and cheaper than ever before.