Transcript Chapter 19 World War I and Its Aftermath

Chapter 14
World War I and Its Aftermath
Section 1
The United States Enters
World War I
Section 3
A Bloody Conflict
Alliances
• Nationalism was very powerful in Europe
in the late 1800s.
• The right to self-determination, the idea
that people who belong to a nation should
have their own country and government,
was a basic idea of nationalism.
• This led to the crisis in the Balkans where
different groups within the Ottoman and
Austro-Hungarian Empires began to seek
independence.
Balkans
A Continent Goes To War
• June 1914 – the heir to the AustoHungarian throne, Archduke Franz
Ferdinand visits Bosnian city of Sarajevo
with his wife Sophia.
• He is assassinated by Gavrilio Princip, a
terrorist from the Black Hand (group that
wants to rid itself of Austrian rule)
• Ferdinand and his wife are killed
Archduke and His wife the day of
Assassination in Sarajevo
Gavrilo Princip
A Continent Goes to War
• Chain of events that starts WWI: (1914)
• July 28 – Austria declared war on Serbia.
• August 1 – Germany declared war on
Russia.
• August 3 – Germany declared war on
France.
The Allies
• France, Russia, Great Britain, and later
Italy – fought for the Triple Entente.
• Germany and Austria-Hungary joined the
Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to form the
Central Powers.
Western Front
Germany’s plan
• German is trying to avoid fighting a war on
two fronts.
• Comes up with Schlieffen Plan (France
first , then Russia)
• Knock out France in first 6 weeks, then hit
Russia (take Russia some time to
mobilize)
Von Schlieffen
Germany’s Plan Fails
• Germany and France became locked in a
stalemate along hundreds of miles of
trenches.
• Stalemate lasted 3 years.
• Central Powers had greater success on
the Eastern Front, capturing hundreds of
miles of territory and hundreds of
thousands of prisoners.
New Weapons of war
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Machine gun
Barbwire
Tanks
Airplanes
Submarines
Poison gas
Machine Gun
German soldiers after a gas
attack
Gas burn victim
Airplanes
Trench Warfare
• Terrible way to fight a war
• Land in between trenches called no mans
land
• Filled with dead bodies and barb wire
• Rats
• Lice
• Constant bombardment
• Assault was called “going over the top”
What a trench looked like
No Mans land
Water in trench
Trench foot
Trench Warfare
American Neutrality
• Wilson declared the United States to be
neutral.
• He did not want his country pulled into a
foreign war.
• Americans showed support for one side or
the other with many immigrants supporting
their homelands.
• Most favored the Allied cause.
Pro-British Sentiment
• Pres. Wilson’s cabinet was pro-British,
believing that an Allied victory would
preserve an international balance of
power.
• The British skillfully used propaganda, or
information used to influence opinion, to
gain American support.
Propaganda
• Governments used propaganda to influence
public opinion
The British Blockade
• The British navy blockaded Germany to
keep it from getting supplies.
• The British redefined contraband, or
prohibited materials, to stop neutral parties
from shipping food to Germany.
• To get around the blockade, Germany
deployed submarines known as U-boats.
U-Boats
More U-Boats
The British Blockade
• Germany threatened to sink any ship that
entered the waters around Britain.
• Attacking civilian ships without warning
violated an international treaty and
outraged the United States.
• The Lusitania, a British passenger liner,
was hit by the Germans, killing almost
1,200 passengers. (128 Americans)
The British Blockade
• Americans instructed Germany to stop Uboat strikes.
• Germany did not want the U.S. to join the
war and strengthen the Allies.
• The Sussex Pledge, a promise made by
Germany to stop sinking merchant ships,
kept the U.S. out of the war for a bit
longer.
The U.S. Declares War
• A German official, Arthur
Zimmerman, cabled the
German ambassador in
Mexico, proposing that
Mexico ally itself with
Germany.
• In return, Mexico would
regain territory it had
earlier lost to the U.S.
• Telegram was intercepted
by the British and leaked
to American newspapers.
• "On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare
unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to
keep neutral the United States of America. If this attempt is not
successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with
Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make
peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is
understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New
Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for
settlement.
• You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the
above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that
there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and
suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative,
should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once
to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between
Germany and Japan.
• Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the
employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to
compel England to make peace in a few months.
• Zimmerman"
The U.S. Declares War
• February 1917 – Germany went back to
unrestricted submarine warfare and, soon
after, sank six American merchant ships.
• April 6, 1917 – United States declared war
against Germany.
Declaration of War
• WHEREAS, The Imperial German Government has committed
repeated acts of war against the Government and the people of
the United States of America; therefore, be it
• Resolved, by the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America in Congress assembled, That the
state of war between the United States and the Imperial
German Government, which has thus been thrust upon the
United States, is hereby formally declared; and
• That the President be, and he is hereby, authorized and
directed to employ the entire naval and military forces of the
United States and the resources of the Government to carry on
war against the Imperial German Government; and to bring the
conflict to a successful termination all the resources of the
country are hereby pledged by the Congress of the United
States.
Russia Leaves the War
• Although Russia supported the war effort,
their gov’t wasn’t equipped to handle the
major problems of the nation.
Russia Leaves the War
• 1917 – Vladimir Lenin,
leader of the Bolshevik
Party, overthrew the
gov’t & replaced it with a
Communist one.
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
• Lenin pulled Russia out
of the war and agreed
with Germany to sign the
T of B-L, removing
German armies from
Russian lands in
exchange for territory.
• This closed the Eastern
Front for Germany.
The War Ends
• Fighting raged along the Western Front.
• Revolution engulfed Austria-Hungary, and
the Ottoman Turks surrendered.
• Faced with surrender of their allies and a
naval mutiny at Kiel, the people of Berlin
rose in rebellion on Nov. 9 and forced the
German emperor down.
The War Ends
• At the 11th hour on
the 11th day of the
11th month, 1918, the
fighting stopped.
• Germany signed an
armistice, or ceasefire that ended the
war.
A Flawed Peace
• January 1919 – leaders of the victorious
Allied nations met to resolve the issues
caused by the war.
• Wilson’s plan – Fourteen Points –
addressed “the principle of justice to all
people and nationalities.”
Fourteen Points Proposed:
• Eliminating the general causes of the war
through free trade and disarmament.
• Open diplomacy instead of secret agreements.
• The right to self-determination.
• Required the evacuation of Central Powers from
all countries invaded during the war.
• 14th pt – League of Nations, called for member
nations to help preserve peace and prevent
future wars.
Treaty of Versailles
• Other Allied gov’t’s felt that Wilson’s plan
was too lenient toward Germany.
• The TOV, signed by Germany weakened
Wilson’s proposal.
• Treaty stripped Germany of its armed
forces and made it pay reparations, or war
damages to the Allies.
The U.S. Senate Rejects the Treaty
• The TOV and the League of Nations were
opposed by many U.S. lawmakers.
• The “Reservationists,” led by Henry Cabot
Lodge, supported the League but wanted
to change the treaty with amendments that
would preserve the nation’s freedom to act
independently.
Wilson Dies
• Wilson, exhausted by trying to sell his plan
to Americans, suffered a stroke.
• The Senate refused to ratify the treaty.
• Instead, the U.S. negotiated separate
peace treaties with each of the Central
Powers.