Transcript Systematic Implications of DNA variation in subfamily

Rosids: Fabids
Spring 2014
Fig. 8.1
Rosids – Major Points
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Comprise about 25% of all angiosperms
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Includes two main clades: fabids and malvids
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Main support for monophyly from molecular data
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No clear morphological synapomorphies, but tendencies to have
perianths with unfused parts and a stamen merosity > calyx or
corolla, although there are many exceptions
Extreme variation in habit (trees, shrubs, herbs, vines, etc.) as well
as extensive proliferation of floral syndromes, including wind,
insect, bird, and bat pollination
Transition from apocarpy to syncarpy as seen before; fusion and
embellishment of floral parts
Fig. 8.30
Core Eudicots: The Rosids
Fabids:
Order Malpighiales
Order Fabales
Order Rosales
Order Cucurbitales
Order Fagales
Malvids:
Order Brassicales
Order Malvales
Order Sapindales
Core Eudicots: The Rosids - Fabids
Order Malpighiales
Euphorbiaceae* – Spurges
Salicaceae* – Willows and poplars
Violaceae – Violets
Order Fabales
Fabaceae* – Beans
Order Rosales
Rosaceae* – Roses
Moraceae – Figs, mulberries
Ulmaceae – Elms
Order Cucurbitales
Curcurbitaceae* – Cucumbers, squashes
Begoniaceae – Begonias
Order Fagales
Betulaceae – Birches
Fagaceae* – Oaks, beeches, chestnuts
Juglandaceae – Walnuts, hickories
*Family required for recognition
Rosids-Fabids:
Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae
(The Spurge Family)
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Widespread, but most diverse in tropical regions
Trees, shrubs, herbs, or vines, sometimes
succulent; leaves usually alternate
Diversity: ca. 6,300 species in 218-245 genera
Flowers: Unisexual; sepals 2-6; petals 0-5; carpels
usually 3, ovule 1 per locule; styles usually 3 and
sometimes divided; inflorescences often highly
modified; fruit a schizocarp, seeds usually arillate
Significant features: Often with latex/laticifers
(toxic)
Special uses: rubber (Hevea), cassava/manioc
(Manihot), poinsettia (Euphorbia), ornamentals
Required family; required genus: Euphorbia
Unisexual flowers in Euphorbiaceae
female
male
Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia
• Ca. 2,400 species
• White latex (usually)
• One female and few to many male
flowers aggregated into a cyathium
(one type of false flower or
pseudanthium)
• Cyathium subtended by modified
leaves (cyathophylls)
Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia cyathium
From the Euphorbia
PBI website
Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia
Digital Flowers
Euphorbiaceae
•Castor oil plant (Ricinus communis)
castor bean ~ poisonous seeds
Euphorbiaceae
•Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis)
Euphorbiaceae
•Tapioca, Cassava (Manihot)
Manihot esculenta
cassava, tapioca
Euphorbiaceae
•Tung oil (Aleurites)
Aleurites fordii
tung-oil tree
Rosids-Fabids:
Malpighiales: Salicaceae
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(The Willow or Poplar Family)
Widespread, from tropical to north temperate and
boreal regions
Trees or shrubs
Diversity: 1,200 species in 54-55 genera
Flowers: bisexual or unisexual; sepals 3-8; petals 38; stamens 2-∞; carpels 2-4, connate, in superior
ovary; fruit variable
Significant features: leaves simple, often with
salicoid teeth; salicin in most; includes what was
formerly called the “Flacourtiaceae”
Special uses: lumber, shade trees, ornamentals
Required family
Salicaceae: Salix
-bud scale single
-catkins usually erect
or ascending
-flowers unisexual
-each flower with 1-4
basal nectar glands
-stamens 1-12
-mainly insect pollination
Salicaceae: Populus
-bud scales several,
overlapping
-catkins arching or
drooping
-flowers unisexual
-each flower with a basal
cup-like disk
-stamens 8-numerous
-wind-pollination
Rosids-Fabids:
Malpighiales: Violaceae
(The Violet Family)
• Widespread, but predominantly herbs of
temperate regions
• Herbs, shrubs, or trees
• Diversity: 700-800 species in 23-24 genera
• Flowers: Sepals 5; petals 5; 5 connivent
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stamens; carpels usually 3, connate, superior
ovary; fruit usually a loculicidal capsule
Significant features: Zygomorphy, nectar spurs;
floral cleistogamy
Special uses: Violets grown primarily as
ornamentals
Family not required
Violaceae: zygomorphic flowers
connivent stamens
nectar spur
Violaceae: dual breeding systems
-spring flowers open-pollinated,
summer flowers remaining
closed (cleistogamous)
Rosids-Fabids:
Fabales: Fabaceae
(The Legume Family)
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Nearly cosmopolitan
Herbs, vines, trees, shrubs with usually alternate, stipulate, pinnately to
palmately compound leaves (sometimes unifoliolate or simple)
Diversity: 19,500 species, 720-730 genera – THIRD LARGEST FAMILY of
angiosperms
Flowers: a short, cup-like hypanthium present; sepals & petals usually 5,
free or connate; petals all alike or the uppermost 1 differentiated (banner),
the lower 2 forming a keel or flaring apart; stamens 5 or 10-many, if
connate then monadelphous or diadelphous; carpel 1, on a short stalk
(gynophore); fruit is a legume (Duh!) but sometimes modified
Significant features: High nitrogen metabolism w/ unusual amino acids,
often with root nodules with N-fixing bacteria; leaf and leaflet pulvinuses
well developed; endosperm often lacking; wide range of floral diversity
Special uses: Many!! Beans, peas, peanuts, soybean, clover,
ornamentals (Mimosa, Bauhinia); lumber, dyes, resins
Required family; required taxa: Mimosoideae, “Caesalpinioideae”,
Faboideae
Fabaceae vegetative characters
root nodules
compound leaves
pulvinus
Fabaceae floral characters
Perigynous flower,
short hypanthium
Diadelphous stamens:
9+1
gynophore
Marginal (parietal) placentation
Fabaceae fruit and seed characters
non-endospermous
seeds at maturity
legumes,
loments,
etc.
Mimosoideae
“Caesalpinioideae”
Faboideae
Leaves usually
twice pinnately
compound
Leaves usually once
pinnately or twice
pinnately compound
Leaves pinnately
compound to
trifoliolate
Fls actinomorphic,
petals valvate,
distinct or basally
fused
Fls + weakly zygomorphic,
upper petal usually
innermost; petals distinct
Fls zygomorphic,
upper petal (banner)
outermost; well
defined wings and keel
Stamens 10-many,
distinct or basally
fused
Stamens 5 or 10, distinct
Stamens 10,
monadelphous or
diadelphous
Fabaceae – Subfamily Mimosoideae
Albizia julibrissin
Acacia sp.
Fabaceae: Mimosoideae
Actinomorphic
tubular
flowers
in heads
Albizia julibrissin
mimosa, silktree
many
stamens,
not fused
Fabaceae: Mimosoideae: Mimosa
Bullhorn acacias: “My enemy’s enemy is my friend.”
stipular spines
extrafloral nectaries
Tropical dry forest
elaiosomes
Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”
zygomorphic
flower
pulvinus
Stamens not
fused
-10 or fewer
Senna obtusifolia
sicklepod
Fabaceae – Subfamily
“Caesalpinioideae”
Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”
Cercis canadensis - redbud
Fabaceae: “Caesalpinioideae”
Honey locust (Gleditsia)
Fabaceae: Faboideae
Lathyrus
sweet-pea
Digital Flowers
Fabaceae: Faboideae
Petals unequal:
•banner
•wings
•keel
monadelphous
stamens
bacterial root nodule
Crotalaria
spectabilis
showy rattlebox
Fabaceae – Subfamily Faboideae
Fabaceae: Faboideae
Glycine
(Soybean)
Beans, peas, lentils, chickpeas, etc.
extraordinary
economic importance
Fabaceae: Faboideae
Trifolium
(Clover)
Medicago (sweet clover)
Rosids-Fabids:
Rosales: Rosaceae
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(The Rose Family)
Cosmopolitan, primarily in the Northern Hemisphere
Herbs, shrubs or trees (75% woody plants)
Diversity: 2,500-3,000 species in 85-90 genera
Flowers: Showy, actinomorphic, hypanthium present;
sepals 5; petals 5; stamens usually numerous; carpels
1 to many, apocarpous or syncarpous; ovary superior
or inferior; fruit can be a follicle, achene, pome, drupe,
or associated with expanded receptacle
Significant features: Wide range of fruit evolution within
family; leaves alternate, stipules present
Special uses: Fruits (apples, pears, berries),
ornamental herbs, trees, and shrubs; lumber,
perfumery
Required family
Rosaceae: Rosa
Rosaceae: Rubus
Rosaceae: Prunus
Rosaceae: Malus and Pyrus
Rosids-Fabids:
Rosales: Moraceae
(The Fig Family)
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Widespread, from tropical to temperate regions
Trees, shrubs, or vines (sometimes herbs)
Diversity: 1,500 species in 53 genera
Flowers: Unisexual, inconspicuous; tepals 0-4 or 5
(-8); carpels usually 2, connate, superior ovary;
inflorescences cymose, highly modified, compact,
receptacle expanded; fruit is a drupe, often in a
multiple fruit structure (syconium).
Significant features: laticifers/latex throughout the
plant
Special uses: figs (Ficus), mulberries (Morus),
breadfruit (Artocarpus), ornamentals, e.g. osage
orange (Maclura)
Family not required
Moraceae
Dorstenia
Ficus carica – Cultivated Fig
Artocarpus
(breadfruit)
Morus rubra - Mulberry
Maclura pomifera
Osage orange
Moraceae: Ficus
-shrubs or trees
-about 800 species
worldwide
-flowers minute, borne
inside the syconium
-wasp-pollinated
-possible keystone species
in tropical forests
Moraceae – The Fig and The Fig Wasp
Rosids-Fabids:
Cucurbitales: Cucurbitaceae
(The Cucumber or Squash Family)
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Widespread in the tropics and subtropics, a few in temperate
regions
Herbaceous or soft woody vines with scabrous stems and
palmately veined/lobed leaves and usually with tendrils
Diversity: 900 species in 118-122 genera
Flowers: hypanthium present; sepals & petals 5, usually
connate; stamens 3-5; carpels usually 3; ovary half-inferior or
inferior; fruit usually a berry (with hardened rind a pepo);
seeds flattened, the seed coat with several layers
Significant features: wide range of floral diversity, “toothed”
leaves lacking stipules; female flowers epiperigynous
Special uses: cucumbers (Cucumis), pumpkins, gourds, and
squashes (Cucurbita), watermelons (Citrullus) etc. are eaten
for fruits and seeds; Luffa, some ornamentals
Required family
Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbita
gourds, squashes, pumpkin
Rosids-Fabids:
Fagales: Fagaceae
(The Oak and Beech Family)
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Widespread, in tropical to temperate regions of the
Northern Hemisphere
Trees and shrubs
Diversity: 670-970 species in 7 genera
Flowers: Unisexual (monoecious); tepals usually 6
and reduced, inconspicuous; stamens 4-many;
carpels 3 (-12), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a nut,
associated with a spiny or scaly cupule
Significant features: Male inflorescences in
dangling catkins; female inflorescences in sessile
clusters
Special uses: edible nuts (chestnuts), lumber,
tannin, cork; ornamental trees
Required family