Transcript PowerPoint 簡報

Background
Meiji Restoration 1868
-end the rule of Tokugawa Shogunate
-power was in hands of Oligarchs
-started the Meiji Modernization 1868
Meiji Modernization 1868
-slogans: “Rich country, Strong Army”,
“Colonization and Industry” &
“Civilization and Enlightenment”
-carried out reforms-constitutional,
Economic, education, military, legal reforms
-very successful-Japan as “the Britain in
The East”
1. A constitutional monarchy mixed
with Japanese traditions
•Emperor
•Army & navy
•Genro
•The Privy Council
•Diet-House of Peers & House of
Representatives
•Prime minister & Cabinet
The Meiji Constitution 1889
-Ito Hirobumi & mission
-Prussian model with monarchy as the
Focus
-practised until 1945
-[study the chart on p.197]
Comment on Meiji Constitution:
-many shortcomings!
1. Emperor enjoyed too much power
2. Genro (elder statesmen) retained control
Over policies through giving advice to
Emperor.
3. Diet was powerless. The House of Peers
Was dominated by genros.
4. There was
limited suffrage (2% only men paying tax
Could vote)
5. The prime minister was responsible to
The emperor
Superficially democratic & gave rise
To crises in 1912-3.
The Taisho Political Crisis 1912-3
Background:
-rise of middle educated class
-ideas of liberty and democracy popular
-”Organic Theory” & “Theory of Universal
Manhood Suffrage” emerged
Organic Theory:
-the emperor was an organ
-government should be responsible to that
Organ, but the government responsible
To the citizens.
Theory of Universal Manhood Suffrage:
-Universal Suffrage League
-general election to the cabinet
-vetoed by House of Peers (Genro) & the
League was dismantled in 1921.
The Crisis
-Taisho became the new emperor
-the prime minister rejected the military
Ministry’s request for increased military
Spending.
-Army minister resigned, prime minister
Resigned & new cabinet dissolved.
-Katsura Taro (warlord) was appointed
As the New prime minister and formed a
New Cabinet.
Opposition to Katsura
-public & political parties & “Movement
To Protect Constitutional Government”
Called Katsura to resign.
-Katsura urged Taisho to issue an edict
To suppress the opposition.
-the Diet condemned Katsura and was
Suspended.
-When the Diet reopened, 6000 people
Supported the Diet. Katsura dissolved
The Diet.
-The Diet cast “non-confidence” vote
Against the prime minister.
-Unable to pacify the mass, Katsura
Resigned and his cabinet dissolved.
Significance of Taisho Crisis:
1. First time the prime minister
And cabinet was overthrown by mass->
Saw the importance of mass support to the
Cabinet.
2. Saw the importance of army->affect the
Cabinet without its support. rise
Of army’political status and rise of
Militarism in Japan in the 1930s.
2. Rise of political parties
-industrialization-> industrialists &
professionals, middle class & intellectuals
discontented with fake democracy
-many oligarchs died
-world democratic trend
-Hara Kei the first civilian prime minister
responsible for the Diet.
-1920s, party rule
3. Foreign policies & expansions
-for raw materials & overseas market
-not very aggressive
-1900-Allied Expedition, 1902-AngloJapanese Alliance, 1904-Russo-Japanese
War, 1910-colonized Korea
-1914-WWI-Shandong
The Anglo Japanese Alliance 1902
Motives of Japan:
1. Revenge [Liaodong] after the
“Triple Intervention”in 1895 (SinoJapanese War)
2. Conflict with / Threat from Russia in
Korea and Manchuria
3. Strengthened her power against Russia
In the future.
Motives of Britain:
1. Needed an ally to protect her interest
In China and to check Russia in the Far
East.
2. Found being isolated in Europe
[Triple Entente & Triple Alliance 1897]
3. Challenge from Germany
Significance of the Alliance:
To Britain:
1. Ended her isolation policy
2. Got an ally
To Japan:
1. Dared to challenge Russia with strong
Backing->sped up Russo-Japanese War.
2. Raised Japan’s international status
[first alliance between an Asia and
A European country]
The Russo-Japanese War 1904-5
Events leading to the war
1. The Russian Expansion of
Manchuria-endangered the interest
of Japan
2. The Anglo-Japanese Alliance 1902
3. Battle of Tsushima Straits
Treaty of Portsmouth
-no indemnity was paid
-signed with the mediation of Roosevelt
-p.204
Significance:
1. Impact on Japan—rising status
2. Impact on Russia—great humiliation1905 Russian Revolution
3. Impact on China—suffered most
4. Impact on Korea---became independent
more likely under Japan’s conquest
The First World War 1914
-an ally of Britain
-consolidated her world power status
-occupied the German base in Shandong
[Jiaozhou Bay]/ Act to revenge on
Germany in Triple Intervention in 1895.
The Twenty One Demands 1915
-with Yuan Shikai
-5 groups (notes)
-Britain & US protested->Japan deleted 5th group.
-Yuan accepted in return for Japan’s support to
his monarchical Movement
-Japan replaced Britain as the most influential
power in China.
Group 1: transfer of German rights in
Shandong to Japan
Group 2: special interests in Manchuria
And Mongolia
Group 3: Mining rights in Changjiang
Valley
Group 4: no cession or lease of Chinese
Coastal territories to any power
Group 5: Japanese interference into
China’s internal affairs
Secret Alliances with other powers 1916-7
To keep Japan on the side of Triple
Entente
1. Russia recognized 21 Demands
2. Britain & France recognized her interests
In Shandong and in ex-German colonies
3. US signed Lansing Ishii Agreement ,
Not to oppose Japanese special claims
In China
Paris Peace Conference 1919
Significance on Japan’s diplomatic status
1. The powers agreed to transfer the
Rights in Shandong to Japan. The ex German
Pacific Island became the mandated territory
Of the League of Nations, under the control of
Japan.
2. She became a respected member of
International community. Japan was
Recognized as one of the permanent
Members of the League.
Washington Conference 1921
Why?
-settle the problem in East Asia
-develop a new order of peace in East Asia
-deal with the Shandong problem
-set up a new balance of power
-end the Japanese-American naval
arms race
-terminate the Anglo-Japanese Alliance
Four Power Pact (text)
Five Power Pact
Nine Power Pact
Result:
-limit the number and tonnage of its capital ships
-observe the open-door policy of the US on China
-not to renew the Anglo-Japanese Alliance
-agreed to respect the integrity of China and
Withdraw troops from Shandong.
Impact on Japan
-Her expansion was temporarily checked
-attack on the “weak-kneed” diplomatic
policy
-paved for the rise of militarist
government
Think About?
What do you think of the condition of
The following in early 20th century:
1. Freedom
2. Freedom of women
3. Education standard
4. Urbanization
5. Workers’ condition
Background:
1. No class division [shogun-daimyoPeasants-artisans-merchants]
2. Highest rate of literacy->middle
Educated class
3. Rising status of women
4. Urge for democracy
C. Social Conditions
1. A society of limited freedom
-”Peace Preservation Law” to suppress
any ideas that threatened the
reign of the emperor.
2. Higher education standard in Asia
-1907, 6 years of education
-school system of primary, secondary
and universities.
3. Rapid urbanization and great
differences between cities and villages
-big industrial cities, e.g Yokohama,
Nagoya, Osaka, etc.
4. Poor livelihood and social unrest
-workers (cotton mill) & tenant peasants
(land tax 4%-17.5% in R-J War time)
Examples of Social Movements
The Rice Riot 1918
-government’s policy favoured Zaibatsu
-mass protested against the increase in the
Price of rice
-showed the power of mass
The Labour Organization
-Suzuki Bunji, Christian socialist formed
“Friendly Society” in 1921, advocating
Harmonious relationships between
Employers and employees.
-By 1918, number of members rose to 30000.
-after 1919, more labour organizations
Rose.
-the capitalists and government suppressed
Them
-they became more radical.
-”Friendly Society” was split into two factions
And renamed as “Japan Federation of
Labour” in 1921.
The Women’s Movement
-1911, “Bluestocking Society”
& magazine “Bluestocking”
To spread idea of women’s liberation.
-Three key actresses gained popularity
And changed the old concepts.
-1920, “New Women’s Association” was
Formed & magazine “Women’s Union”.
They asked for amendment to Article 5
To allow women joining political parties
And activities.
-it was finally dissolved.
The Taisho Democratic Movement
-divided into two camps: political parties
& the popular movement and its leaders
-1924, unified under the Kato cabinet
-1925 “General Election Law” allowed
The proletarian party to participate in
Elections.
Background:
-Meiji Modernization-Industrial
Development
-mainly government run industries and
Light industries
-later the government sold the nonMilitary industries to private enterprises
At low prices, e.g. Mitsubishi, Yasuda,
Mitsui, Sumitomo, etc.
B. Economic Conditions
1. Economic ups & downs
-economic ups & downs related with
foreign wars
-victories--financial problems/
overspending--issued
bonds and increased taxes. Tax increased
by 50% in R-J War and by 100% in second
year.
-After R-J War, Japan seized railway
and mining rights in Manchuria--angered
Chinese--boycott Japanese goods.
-During WWI, occupied Shandong and
controlled railways + dominated
the chinese market and sold necessities
to the western powers.
-After WWI, entered dark age during
the 1920s + Great Depression 1929 (silk
export dropped)--unemployment
2. Rapid Industrialization
-benefits from the victories in S-J &
R-J War: Korea, Manchuria & Taiwan
-foreign land brought sufficient food
supply and lessened the demand for food.
-helped develop light industry: raw
materials and market. E.g. silk export and
Japanese cotton.
-helped heavy industry: mining and railway
rights, production of warships and
steamships, sea transport, shipbuilding and
chemical industries.
-enterprises increased from 400 (1868)
to 8000 (1903)
-->Japan became industrialized country.
3. Further extension of the influence
of Zaibatsu
-the government had sold most industries
(non strategic) to Zaibatsu.
-Zaibatsu developed capital intensive
industries such as finance, trade or
transport, etc.
-By 1913, 75% of industrial & commercial
capital was controlled by Zaibatsu.
“Monopolized Capitalism”
Think about?
Suggest one form of monopolized
Services in Hong Kong.
First Bus, Kowloon Motor Bus,
City Bus
-20th century industry focused on heavy
Industry, military industries and the
Nationalization of railways.
-WWI, Japan increased its export and earn
Foreign profits. “Monopolized Capitalism”
Emerged.
Characteristics of Capitalism in
Japan:
1. The rise of privileged capitalists
-colluded with the government to get
Protection
-had great influence in industrial
Development.
2. Limited Scope of heavy industry
-heavily depended on foreign technology
-light industry [textile industry] overtook
The heavy industry.
3. The focus on capitalism and military
Industry
-because industry was driven by national
Capital and external wars.
4. The basis of semi-feudal agriculture
-signified the exploitation of labour class
And serious disconnection between industry
And agriculture.
-but it guaranteed a cheap labour force.
Significance of Monopolized
Capitalism:
1.it led to emergence of Zaibatsu
2. It affected the life of peasants/ agrarian
Industry became undervalued. It
Brought poverty and
Weakening of people’s purchasing power.
3. Domestic market had no room for
Expansion economic fear and downturns
Japanese economy in & after WWI
-Japan exported the products to developing
Countries, US & Europe.
-Military supplies to Britain and Russia
Increased.
-Shipping and shipbuilding industries grew.
-Light industries, machinery industry,
Chemical industry developed.
.
Outcome:
-3rd largest shipping country in 1919.
-steel production increased by 7 times
Electricity increased by 2.8 times.
-light industry accounted for 70% of the
National economy.
Background:
-consequence of political reform &
Affluence of capitalism
-learnt the western culture & believed
In the importance of traditional values
And ideas. “Rokumeikan”
-developed science and humanities
Think about?
What is the traditional values of
The Japanese?
(How did we view their
Emperor? Did they love western culture?)
What is their traditional religion?
1. Preservation and traditional cultures
-confucian beliefs such as loyalty to the
emperor, filial piety to parents
-Shintoism
-nationalism (details) in
Imperial Rescript on Education 1890 &
National Textbook System
2. Absorption of western culture
Why?
-western education
-magazines & newspaper
-affected their way of clothing, architecture.
The promotion of national loyalty:
-the idea of loyalty and obedience &
Belief in traditional ideas and values
-1886, the ministry of education decreed
The school based on nationalism.
-1890, The Imperial Rescript on Education
“goodness, righteousness, piety and loyalty”
-1907, compulsory education to 6 years.
-higher education expanded.
Achievements in Humanities
Achievements in Science
END
Concluding Remarks:
1920s
“how to be equal such power as the US
in terms of national strength or even
to surpass her?”
“joining the families of European nations”
1930s
“becoming better than Britain and the US”
-1932, Takahashi’s progressive financial
Policy-expanding armaments and military
Production-focused on heavy and military
Industry
-1933, Japan withdrew from League and
Occupied north-eastern part of China.
2. Initiation of the Pacific War and
invasion of SE Asia
-isolated China to cut off military
back up from Indochina
-natural resources, e.g. tin, oil
-Attack on Pearl Harbour
Entry into the WWII
-1941 Dec 7, attack on Pearl Harbour
brought the US into the war.
-dropping of atomic bombs on 6, 9 Aug 1945.
-Japan surrendered on 15 Aug 1945