Use of census data for gender statistics and analysis

Margaret Mbogoni Demographic and Social Statistics Branch Statistics Division, DESA United Nations, New York Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Outline

 Outline of the Methodological Guidelines for the Gender

Analysis of National Population and Housing Census Data

  Strengths and weaknesses of census data for gender analysis Examples of questions for gender analysis that have been asked in national censuses  Select topics for gender analysis based on census data – Relative numbers of females/males by age – – – – – Households and families Marital status Education and literacy Fertility Special population groups

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Methodological Guidelines for the Gender Analysis of National Population and Housing Census Data

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Contents: Part 1

Introduction PART ONE - Background and Conceptual Clarifications for Gender Analysis of Census Data 1.

2.

Gender in Population and Housing Censuses Conceptual Clarifications on Gender Equality and Gender-Responsive Data Analysis

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Contents: Part 2

PART TWO – 10 Key Gender Issues Analysed with Census Data

3.

Fertility

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Mortality

Sex Ratio at Birth and During the Life Course Marital Status, Polygamy, Widowhood, Child Marriage Households and Families

Income, Poverty and Living Conditions

9.

Education and Literacy

10. Work, Economic Activities and Social Protection 11. Migration

12. Disability Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Conclusions and Appendices

Conclusions References APPENDICES 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Gender-Relevant Issues in 2005-2014 Census Forms Glossary of Important Gender Terms Mapping of Resources on Gender Statistics Brief Overview of the Evolution of Gender Statistics From Understanding the Gender Data Gap to Improving the Production and Analysis of Gender Statistics

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Structure of each chapter

1. What is it?

2. Why is it important?

3. Data issues 4. Tabulations 5. Indicators 6. Multivariate and further gender analyses 7. Interpretation, policy and advocacy

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Tables, indicators and analysis

 The basic premise of the manual is that the census offers many opportunities for in-depth studies, but that this requires going beyond the standard tabulations and constructing more complex indicators and analyses  Some of these techniques go beyond what NSOs normally consider to be their mandate, namely the preparation of standard general-purpose tables and simple indicators. In order to implement some of the proposals contained in the manual (e.g. multivariate analyses), it may be necessary to build strong research ties with academic and research institutions outside the NSOs

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Tables, indicators and analysis

 To make the best possible use of the advantages offered by census data − − DISAGGREGATE, DISAGGREGATE, DISAGGREGATE Or at least, STANDARDIZE  But have a plan for why you are disaggregating  Control as many intervening factors as you can, if necessary by using multivariate techniques

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Strengths of census data for gender analysis

  Censuses provide

universal information

on the demographic and social characteristics and living arrangements of every individual within the scope of the enumeration up to

the lowest geographical level

– – – Sex-disaggregated characteristics of the

entire population

can be presented in detail down to the

lowest geographic level

Locality-specific differentials can be derived Good for identifying vulnerable groups for targeted interventions Censuses provide insights into the private and community spheres and (indirectly) into time-use of women and girls, men and boys

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Strengths of census data for gender analysis

 Census data for advocacy: A local-level “early warning system” on gender inequalities  − − Censuses provide essential background information allowing for further research on women and men, girls and boys Identify data gaps on gender issues Sampling frame

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Weaknesses of census data for gender analysis

      Census data may not have been produced in a gender responsive way Census data are of very limited scope and depth (basic characteristics) Gender-related discrimination is not explicitly measured by censuses (e.g. why lower schooling rates for females than for males) The level of analysis for census data is sex, not gender The census data may be outdated or of low quality (e.g. due to underreporting on women) Data access and the capacity to analyze census data in the appropriate ways may be problematic

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Some interesting questions in censuses

        Time spent caring for children: own or of other people (Australia) Looking after, or give any help or support to family members, friends, neighbours or others because of either: (i)long-term physical or mental ill-health/disability, or (ii) problems related to old age (UK) Time spent for sick or disabled household members (Aruba, Australia, Iran, Ireland) Unpaid domestic work carried out in the household (Australia) Matrix of family relationships between household members (Ireland) Children ever born, not only for women, but also for men (Bermuda, Croatia, Hungary) Reasons to migrate (Cambodia, Nepal, Iran) Previous marriages (Ireland, Nepal, Mauritius, Maldives)

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Some interesting questions in censuses

        Income data detailed by household members or by source (several) Trans-gender identity (India, Thailand) Question about homosexual unions (Germany, Brazil, Croatia, UK) Any kind of activity which generated income (several) Fertility preferences (Kazakhstan, Korea) Ownership of land and/or property (Nepal) Assistance received in the delivery (Cambodia) Sex of person sending remittances (El Salvador)

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Some interesting questions in censuses

      19 countries ask for the date or the age of the woman at the time of her first marriage 11 countries ask for the date (year) or the age of the mother at the time of birth of the first live-born child 24 countries allow the identification of domestic servants in the household Some countries ask men about polygamous unions Several censuses address causes of disability (Zambia 2010 has spousal violence) 30 countries are asking the questions allowing the estimation of maternal mortality from the census

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Gender analysis based on census data

Are there any gender issues (problems, questions related to women/girls and men/boys in society) regarding:

 Their relative numbers?

− Age/sex distribution  Where they live?

− Spatial distribution (urban/rural) − − Migration Housing conditions  Whom they live with?

− − Households and families Marital status

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Gender analysis based on census data

Are there any gender issues (problems, questions related to women/girls and men/boys in society) regarding:

 Their socio-economic and demographic characteristics?

− Education and literacy − Fertility − − Mortality Labour force participation  Vulnerabilities − Special population groups (children, youth, elderly, persons with disabilities)

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Population size by age and sex

 Numbers of males and females at different ages depends on their numbers at birth, migration patterns and mortality conditions throughout the life cycle  Relative proportions of males to females by age group follow an expected pattern with extreme departures (imbalances) requiring investigation of underlying demographic processes (births, deaths, and migration)

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Male and female population size by age

Policy relevance:  Statistics and indicators on age/sex composition are important to assess the needs of the different age groups (care for pre-school aged children, education for the young, employment for adolescents and working age adults, care for the elderly, etc.)  − In terms of distribution by age and sex: Is there a balanced ratio of females to males or is there significantly more of one sex?

− At what ages are deficits of females or males substantial and what are the likely causes as well as consequences?

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Male and female population size by age (total, rural/urban)

 Tabulation Population by single years of age(age groups)and sex  Indicators − Proportional age distribution by sex − − Proportion by sex for each age group Sex ratios  Data issues − − − Errors in age reporting Selective under-reporting Distinguishing errors from other issues

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Relative sizes (males/females)

Proportion of population by age and sex, total, Malawi (2008) Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Relative sizes (males/females)

Proportion of population by age and sex, urban, Malawi (2008) Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Relative sizes (males/females)

Proportion of population by age and sex, rural, Malawi (2008) Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Relative sizes (males/females)

Proportion of population by sex, by age, total, Malawi (2008) Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Relative sizes (males/females)

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Relative size (males/females)

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Sex ratios at birth, selected age groups

Regions At birth 0-4 years Sub-Saharan Africa Middle East and North Africa South Asia South Asia excl. India East Asia and Pacific East Asia and Pacific excl. China

104 105 107 105 113 105

Latin America and the Caribbean CEE/CIS

105 106 104 106

Developing countries

107 107

World

107 107

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan

103 105 108 105 114 105

5-14 years

102 105 108 105 114 105 104 105 108 107

United Nations Statistics Division 15-24 years

101 105 108 104 109 104 103 103 106 106

Sex ratio by age, total, urban, rural – Malawi (2008)

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Sex ratio by age, total – Qatar (2010)

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Households and families

Policy relevance:  Statistics on household size, composition and headship are useful indicators for gender analysis with regard to living arrangements of families, likely number of wage earners and overall economic needs that have to be provided for within the household − Families with children present a higher likelihood of vulnerability and poverty than families without children − Families of lone mothers (e.g., teenagers) versus those of lone fathers in terms of poverty rates − Care-giving roles of females in home and likely impact on their schooling and participation in formal employment − Living arrangements of elderly persons

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Households and families

Policy relevance:  Important for identifying the prevalence of one-person households, single-parent and multi-generational families  Statistics on household/family characteristics can be linked to data on housing characteristics (living conditions)

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Households and families

 Tabulations (total, urban, rural): − Population in households by age and sex and relationship to head or other reference member of household, and institutional population by age and sex − Households by household size and age and sex of head of household or other reference − Households by type of household, age and sex of head of household or other reference member − Population in households by age and sex and marital status of head of household or other reference member − Children under 15 years by age and sex and whether living with: (i) b oth parents, (ii) mother only, (iii) father only, (iv) parents and grandparents, and (v) grandparents only

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Households and families

 Indicators: − Percentage distribution of the population by age and sex and living arrangements (with family, alone, institutional, etc) − Percentage distribution of households by sex and age of head or other reference member of household − Percentage distribution of households by size (population by household size), by age and sex of head or other reference member of household − Percentage distribution population by age, sex and marital status of head or other reference member of household − Percentage distribution of households with children under 15 years of age by age, by presence of both parent, presence of mother only, presence of father only

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Households and families

 Indicators: − Percentage distribution of households with children under 15 years by number of children, sex and marital status of head − Percentage distribution of elderly persons by age and sex and living arrangements (couple, living alone, with children, grandchildren, other relatives, non-relatives)

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Headship rates

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Variety of household compositions – Cambodia 2008

Cambodia (2008)

Without other adults With other adults Head without spouse or children

Male Female head head 30,274 68,377 Male Female head head 52,970 174,078

Couple without children

121,031 19,225

Couple with 1-2 children under 15

485,038 38,463 568,448 45,617

Couple with 3+ children under 15 Lone parent with 1-2 children under 15 Lone parent with 3+ children under 15

246,319 12,286 2,835 18,834 81,563 25,275 288,206 32,561 9,601 22,632 173,868 49,643

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Living arrangements of older persons – Australia (2011)

65-74 years 75–84 years 85 years and over Living with spouse or partner Living with children or other relatives Group household Lone person Total in private dwellings In non-private dwelling Grand total (no.)

73.8

3.6

2.3

15.3

98.3

1.7

740.9

Living with spouse or partner Living with children or other relatives

59.6

9.5

Group household

1.9

Lone person

25

Total in private dwellings

98.6

In non-private dwelling Grand total (no.)

1.4

775 Male 67.6

4.4

1.7

18.5

95.1

4.9

417 Female 37.4

13.4

1.2

38.8

92.9

7.1

514.5

46.1

7.3

1.2

25.2

82.3

17.7

132.2

11.5

14.8

0.7

40.5

69.3

30.7

250.9

Total 65 years and over

69 4.2

2 17.4

95.7

4.3

1290.1

44.4

11.6

1.5

32.2

91.9

8.1

1 540.4

Headship problems

 The definition of ‘head of household’ is vague and in no way uniform across countries thereby putting into question how the results should be interpreted. At least five different concepts of head of household can be found in censuses: − Main breadwinner − − − − Householder Main authority Reference person Questionnaire respondent  Gender inequality may take place at the intra-household level (e.g. unequal distribution of earnings and consumption among members of the household). Therefore, focusing on female headed households may not capture these inequalities and be misleading.

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Marital status

Policy relevance:  Related to living arrangements, educational attainment, fertility…  Early marriage interferes with the educational and career development of women much more than for men, especially when early marriage is associated with early pregnancy and childbirth  Marital status is related to property rights in some societies  Women are more vulnerable to dependency and poverty with early marriage and in likelihood of marital dissolution, e.g., widowhood  Polygamy has many potential negative impacts on women

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Marital status

 Tabulations (total, urban, rural): − Population aged 15 (??) years and older by marital status, age group and sex − Population aged 15 (??) years and older by age at first marriage, age group and sex − Total population 15 years and older, by disability status, marital status, age and sex Data problems: − Definition of marriage and implications for entry into a union − Age mis-reporting

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Marital status

 Indicators (total, urban, rural) − Percentage distribution of population by age, sex and marital status o Widowhood and divorce related to vulnerability particularly for women − − Sex distribution within marital status categories by age group Age at first marriage by sex o Singulate mean age at marriage by sex o Singulate mean age at marriage by sex and educational attainment o Percentage of women aged 20-24 years old who were married or in a union before age 18  Early marriage (relates to termination of education and lack of career development leading to economic dependency and poverty)  Adolescent fertility − Age difference between spouses

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Marital status Population 15 years and older by Population 15 years and older by marital status and sex – Egypt (2006)

120 100 80 60 40 20 Male - Never married Male - Married Married - Divorced Male - Widowed Female - Never married Female - Married Female - Divorced Female - Widowed 0 0 - 15 16 - 19 20 - 24 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65 - 69 70 - 74

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan

75 +

United Nations Statistics Division

Tabulation of Census Data – Australia (2011)

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Educational characteristics

Policy relevance: − School attendance provides information on access by gender especially for boys and girls − Educational attainment levels of the population give an overview of the distribution of skills and the extent of preparedness for the labour force and is linked to age at marriage, fertility, socio economic status, health and survival of women and children − Literacy is crucial in contemporary society as it ensures access to knowledge and information

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Educational characteristics

Tabulations (total, urban, rural): − Population 5 years of age and over by school attendance, educational attainment, age and sex − Population 10 years of age and over by literacy, age and sex − Population 5-29 years of age, by disability status, school attendance, age and sex − Population 15 years of age and over by disability status, educational attainment, age and sex Data problems: − Literacy is self-declared with likelihood of reluctance of some persons to admit not being literate and difficulty of administering test to ascertain literacy

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Educational characteristics

Indicators (total, urban, rural): − Percentage distribution of population 5 years of age and over by school attendance, educational attainment, age and sex − Percentage distribution of population 10 years of age and over by literacy, age and sex − Proportionate distribution of population 5 years of age and over by school attendance, educational attainment, age and sex − Proportionate distribution of population 10 years of age and over by literacy, age and sex

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

School attendance by age and sex, Lesotho (2006)

Total Males Females Age Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Total 6-12 13-17 18-24 6-12 13-17 18-24 6-12 13-17 18-24 497,110 267,021 172,569 57,520 53,780 39,249 20,601 213,241 133,320 37,934 100.0 53.7 34.7 11.6 47.3 34.5 18.1 55.5 34.7 9.9 239,617 48.2 130,414 48.8 81,064 47.0 28,139 48.9 Urban 26,514 49.3 18,780 10,051 47.8 48.8 103,900 48.7 62,284 18,619 Rural 46.7 49.1

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan

257,493 136,607 91,505 29,381 27,266 20,469 10,550 109,341 71,036 19,315 51.8 51.2 53.0 51.1 50.7 52.2 51.2 51.3 53.3 50.9

United Nations Statistics Division

Educational attainment by sex, Lesotho (2006)

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Fertility Analysis

Policy relevance:  Early and repeated child-bearing: − Poses risks for women’s health and often keeps them from obtaining sufficient education or training to ensure a secure future for themselves and their children − Interferes with employment o When education is truncated, opportunities for employment are limited o Women tend to withdraw from labour force to attend to family and take care of young children with likely consequences for career development

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Fertility Analysis

Tabulations (total, urban, rural): 1) Female population 15 years of age and over, by age and number of children ever born alive by sex 2) 3) Female population 15 years of age and over, by age and educational attainment and number of children ever born alive by sex Female population 15-49 years of age, number of live births, by sex, within the 12 months preceding the census Data problems: 1) 2) Recall errors Reporting by a proxy

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Basic fertility indicators

Indicators: Total, urban, rural       Age specific fertility rates Total fertility rate (by education) Parity progression ratios (by education) Adolescent birth rate (15-19) Age at birth of first child born alive (by education) Percentage of childless women (Age 40-44 or 45-49)

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Tabulation of Census Data – Fertility Analysis

 The standard tables that NSOs prepare in their general purpose census reports are geared towards the estimation of fertility levels and patterns (ASFRs/TFRs), for the general population or possibly some sub-groups  In practice, this means: − Even though the majority of censuses (except 10) allow disaggregating births by sex, this is often not done − In many cases only the total/average number of children by age category of the mother is tabulated, not a distribution by number of children ever born

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Tabulation of Census Data – Fertility Analysis (contd.)

 Disaggregation by sex would allow the computation of Sex Ratios at Birth (SRBs) which is an important indicator in some countries. Alternatively, one may compute the sex ratio among children under age 1, but this already contains a mortality component.  The distribution by numbers of children ever born would allow the analysis of childlessness by age category and preferably by marital status category. This is a major gender issue in many parts of the world.

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Tabulation of Census Data

Example 1.B. Childlessness Producing statistics on childlessness (preferably by marital status) serves two purposes:  To quantify this phenomenon, which in many countries represents a significant social stigma, more so for women than for men. In many developed countries, on the other hand, childlessness is clearly on the rise, e.g. 21.0% of women aged 40, in the 2010 census of Finland, as opposed to 9.9% (Cambodia, 2008) and 7.0% (Ethiopia, 2007).

 To relate childlessness to certain negative social repercussions, such as divorce/separation. The problem, however, is that this relation can go both ways (Nepal, 2001: 43.5% of divorced women were childless ).

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Special population groups

 Children (under 15 years) – school attendance, relationship to head or reference member of household − − Infant and child mortality by sex Related to the girl child (school attendance, mortality, early marriage)  Youth (15-24 years) – school attendance, educational attainment, literacy, marital status, age at marriage, fertility, economic activity status  Elderly (60 years and over) – marital status, living arrangements  Persons with disabilities – place of residence, living arrangements, marital status, school attendance, educational attainment, economic activity status

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Tabulation of Census Data

Example 2 Disability and Marriage El Salvador (2007) - Percentage of ever married 30-39 year olds by sex and type of disability Type of Disability Difficulty Walking or Moving Difficulty in Use of Hands or Arms Sight Impairment, Even Using Glasses Hearing Impairment, Even Using Hearing Aids Speech Impairment Mental Retardation or Deficiency Difficulty Bathing, Clothing, Eating Other Type of Disability No Disability of Any Type

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan

Men 57.0

53.4

68.8

39.3

21.4

6.9

31.8

51.9

79.1

Women 49.9

48.0

67.0

42.5

28.2

16.0

38.7

51.7

77.1

United Nations Statistics Division

Conclusion

 Censuses have obvious limitations, especially with respect to the subjects that can be investigated:    No gender-based violence No female genital mutilation No male and female fertility preferences   No distribution of resources within the household No time use information, etc. etc. etc.

 However: − A lot of census information is relevant to gender analysis, if properly analyzed − − Some censuses have special questions on gender-related topics Census data can be disaggregated to much more specific levels than is possible with surveys − Census data may be merged with surveys on specific topics, e.g. poverty surveys

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division

Thank you اركش

Regional Workshop on Integrating a Gender Perspective in the Production of Statistics 1-4 December 2014, Amman, Jordan United Nations Statistics Division