Transcript Whap Chapter 26 British Empire

Chapter 25
Africa, India and New British
Empire
1750-1870
Zulu
• Kingdom arose
primarily because of
internal conflicts over
grazing rights.
• Created a new sense
of national identity.
• Kingdoms of Lesotho
and Swazi were
created by attracting
refugees from Zulu
raids.
Egypt
• Muhammad Ali’s creation of modern Egypt was shaped
by the shock of Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt.
• 1805-1848 Modernization was paid for through the
development of a cotton industry that rivaled the United
States.
• Goal was to create a military to defend against European
invasion.
• The American Civil War decreased cotton from the U.S.
and helped Egypt.
• After the American Civil War, the Egyptian cotton
industry slowed down.
Egypt
• Muhammad Ali’s grandson Ismail focused
on westernization.
• “My country is no longer in Africa, it is in
Europe”.
• Built canals and railroads
European Explorers 1750-1870
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Investigated African geographic mysteries.
Traced the paths of African rivers.
Looked for mineral wealth.
Tried to convert Africans to Christianity.
“Scramble for Africa” – after 1870 as
European nations moved to create
colonies in the dark continent.
David Livingstone
• A Scottish missionary and explorer.
• Led small parties to southern and central
Africa.
• Mapped the Zambezi River 1853-1856
• Named Victoria Falls after the British
monarch.
• Traced Upper Congo River in 1870’s.
Slavery
• The slave trade ended due to slave revolts
and humanitarian reform movements.
• The British, the world’s greatest slavers
became the most aggressive suppressors
of the slave trade.
• They and the Americans began patrolling
the coast of West Africa to intercept slave
ships.
Slavery
• Africans who wanted European
manufactured goods started to develop
their own “legitimate” trade by developing
new export items.
• Palm oil became the most successful
export from Africa after abolition.
• Palm Oil radically altered the social
structure of the coastal trading
communities.
• “Re-captives” were slaves who were taken
off of slave ships by the British and placed
in Sierra Leon.
West Africa
• New European contact brought the
following changes:
• Christian conversion.
• Expansion of education.
• Outlawing of slavery.
• Architectural changes.
British Empire
• East India Company founded in 1600.
• The British colonized India by defeating
the French and picking apart the decaying
Mughal Empire.
India
• India was fragmented which allowed
Britain to quickly seize control.
• Iran threatened from the West.
• Nawabs – rich Muslim princes who
ruled their own powerful states
became allies of British.
EIC
• East India Company
• Transformed the Indian economy by
expanding agricultural production and
decreasing industrial output.
• Used “Company Men” to gain access to
port cities.
• Hired Sepoys to protect company
properties.
Export crops of India
• Opium in Bengal to China
• Coffee from Ceylon
• Tea from Assam (N.E.)
Sepoys
• Indian troops who were hired and trained to
protect European companies’ warehouses.
• 200,000 by 1857. 38,000 British officers.
• 1857 use of animal fat as lubricant led to the
Sepoy Rebellion.
• Did not become a national revolution because
of a lack of national identity.
• After the rebellion, India came to be ruled
directly by the British government.
Changes after the Sepoy Rebellion
• A law guaranteeing all Indians equal
protection
• A law requiring freedom of religion and
social custom.
• The placement of a viceroy governor in
Delhi.
• Respect for the rights of Indian princes
loyal to the crown.
British raj
• British rule of India.
• A critical feature was the use of nawabs.
• The “Bombay Presidency” was territory
taken over by the East India Company
after defeating the Maratha Confederation.
British “Traditions”
• Used to enhance and benefit the
supporters of British rule.
• Endow religious leaders with power to
maintain control over the population.
• Enforce the image of the British monarch
and wealth through durbars.
• Provide a justification to keep control over
the population in the absence of a regular,
established colonial policy.
Improvements in India due to
British Rule
• Public works and infrastructure projects.
• Cholera epidemics spread due to poor
sewers.
• “Kala Mari” –the Black Death seen by
Indians as punishment for foreign rule.
• Better sewers helped increase production
and trade
Improvements in India due to
British Rule
• Railroads – In 1870 India’s railroad was one of
the largest in the world.
Pan-Indian Nationalism
• Sati and Slavery
outlawed by British in
1829 and 1843.
• Widows could remarry
after 1856
• Female infanticide illegal
in 1870.
• Followers wanted to
embrace western ways,
but keep best Hindu
traditions.
Pan-Indian Nationalism
• Indian National Congress
• Created in 1885.
• Sought more rights for Indians by promoting
ethnic and religious unity.
Progress for Women
• First secular school
for women in India
founded in Calcutta.
• Widow burning
outlawed
Progress for Women
• Female infanticide
and prostitution made
illegal.
• Widows allowed to
remarry.
• Most significant way
of instilling
nationalism was
establishing schools
and universities.
Britain’s
Eastern Empire
• Cape Colony in
South Africa – was
a supply station for
the lengthy India
route.
• British take over
Dutch overseas
possessions except
for Mauritius.
Afrikaners
• Dutch settlers who
migrated from Britishruled Cape Colony for
fertile land in the
North.
• Migration known as
“The Great Trek”.
• Met with resistance
from Zulus and other
African tribes.
Goals of British Imperialism
• Promote British overseas trade.
• Clipper ships increased the speed of
trade.
• The British settled Australia by sending
convicts there.
• By 1870, Britain had over 50 colonies
around the world (after the 13 lost in
America)
Clipper
Royal Navy Man of War
The South Pacific
• Britain encouraged self government of
colonies.
• Satisfied settler’s desires for greater
control.
• Muted demands for independence.
• Made colonial governments pay for their
own expenses.
• Avoided the same conflicts that led to the
American Revolution.
South Pacific Whaling (pg.729)
New Labor Migrations
• After British slave emancipation in 1834,
new plantation workers came from Africa,
the Pacific Islands, British India, and
China.
• Contracts of indenture were used for
employment from five to seven years.
• Most indentured servants left their homes
because they hoped to better their
economic and social position.