Transcript 投影片 1

(A Syllabus Based on Information Habits Research )
第六組
鄭麗瑩
余芷茵
秦丞邑
洪偉翔
496100678 黃柏健 497100390
495100671 翁竣霖 497100326
497100211 何佳同 497100637
497100546
Introduction
緒論
需要更多的培訓以使用電子資訊資源
22% Arts and humanities
6% Physical sciences and engineering
8% Medical and biological sciences
不需要更多培訓以使用電子資訊資源
14% Arts and humanities
40% Physical sciences and engineering
24% Medical and biological sciences
緒論
 以為圖書館員會是最了解受訓者真正需要知道甚麼
 那些新的研究生卻會對較資深的同窗如何去找出及使
用資源更感興趣.
緒論
Our existing knowledge of user behavior in the
humanities can be applied to the development
of an information literacy course for
humanists
這篇文章的目的在於去提出一個人文學使用資訊
行為的建議以應用在人文學者的資訊能力課程的
發展上
緒論
 無可避免的著重於如何使用電子資源
 不足以忽略印刷性資源在人文學上的永久重要性
緒論
Stieg 的研究需要歷史學家的資訊
研究者使用資訊的習慣的兩個主要方式：
•Citation Study 引用文獻
• The user study 使用者研究
*兩者都有缺點
An Information Literacy
Syllabus for the Humanities
Researcher
人文研究者資訊素養課程
人文學者在使用文獻資訊習慣的研究
1. An information literacy course
資訊素養課程的規劃
2. Survey the literature
調查文獻
3. Professional competencies
人文研究者所需的專業能力
Three recent works
RSLG研究：
• Research Support Libraries Group
•早期郵遞問卷 (2002.6)
• 英國大學的人文藝術研究者250名
•人文與藝術研究者的回覆
Three recent works
DLF研究：
• Digital Library Federation 數位圖書館聯盟
• 訪談和案例研究
•伊利諾斯州33所大學人文學者的資訊環境
The DLF Data Set
• Digital Library Federation數位圖書館聯盟
• 樣本包括239位人文藝術研究人員（教師或學生）
•人文與藝術研究者
Disadvantage 缺點
環境:
A state of rapid change 一個變化迅速的國家
條件:
Not yet documented in Professional literature
尚未利用專業文獻文件檔為資訊使用習慣的研究者
Full-text collections of digitized secondary
journal literature
數位化館藏全文期刊文獻
Impact 影響
Constantly monitor
不斷地掌握全文搜尋的發展
How effective researchers use such tools
研究人員如何有效使用這些工具
The proposed syllabus 擬議大綱
General skills 一般技能
Specific formats具體格式
• 每部分又分為若干章節
• 每個章節後的學習目標
• 方便起見，參考文獻在文件結尾後作附
錄
General Skills
一般技能
Understanding How Information
is Disseminated in the Discipline
了解資訊是怎麼在其學科領域中傳播
RSLG研究發現
藝術、地區研究和社會科學
--大力強調社會科學的重要性
學習目標
研究人員應建立資訊如何被傳播和儲存 (不論實體或虛擬) 在
有關的資料的重要收藏。
Identifying Appropriate Bibliographic Tools
確定適當的書目工具
（印刷和電子）
Most surveys show that, for humanists, the most valuable
sources of references are the works cited in the books and
journal articles that the researcher has already located. This
does not mean that scholars make no use of bibliographic
tools. Wiberley and Jones found that ‘‘bibliography was most
important for scholars when they were investigating
unfamiliar primary sources or secondary literature about
subjects unfamiliar to them.’’
 調查顯示人文主義學者，最有價值的參考來源是引
書和雜誌文章
 這不代表人文學者不使用書目工具。
 Wiberley 和Jones發現"參考書目是當學者他們被調
查不熟悉的主源時最重要的或輔助有關他們不熟悉
的主題。
The literature on the information habits of humanists has
traditionally stressed that scholars make only limited use of
major abstracting and indexing journals.
She calls for ‘‘some fundamental changes in historians’
attitudes’’ and for librarians to be more active in
providing bibliographic instruction for historians.
 人文學者習慣在傳統文學上強調進行限制的文摘和
索引期刊主要使用。
 在Stieg資訊需求的研究中"歷史學家的態度的改變"
積極地提供書目以改變非系統性的資訊蒐集，資訊
取得。
Massey Burzio found that humanists at Johns Hopkins
University considered that electronic indexing had been a
great boon and allowed them to find information more
quickly. Indexing and abstracting databases may be more
attractive to the humanist than they were in their earlier
printed incarnations. In her survey of historians at the State
University of New York, Andersen found that in 1996 twofifths of her sample were using abstracting/indexing
databases on the library network at least monthly.
 在較早時的印刷版本時期。 Massey Burzio在約翰 ·
霍普金斯大學發現人文主義學者在電子索引中讓他
們能夠找到更多資訊.資訊索引及文摘資料庫也更有
吸引力，
Similarly, the RSLG Study found that 56% of respondents
considered bibliographic tools, indexing, and abstracting
services to be essential for their research. According to
the DLF Data Set,78.4% of researchers were using online
abstracts and indexes for their research, and 69% were
using print abstracts and indexes.
 同樣的安諾生在紐約國家大學的歷史調查，發現在 1996 年２
５分之２的表示使用圖書館網路上的文摘索引資料庫. RSLG 研
究類似，發現 56%的受訪者認為索引的書目工具和服務，必須
為他們的研究. DLF 資料集根據的抽象 78.4%的研究人員使用
連線的文摘和索引為他們的研究和 69%使用列印文摘和指引
The DLF Study reported that ‘‘our data also verify what
previous research has asserted about the age of scholarly
resources: older materials continue to be used and valued
by humanities scholars.’’
The importance of older materials has considerable
significance for the selection of appropriate bibliographic
tools.
Databases that have extensive retrospective
coverage will be of particular use to many researchers.
 DLF 研究報告的資料，我們還驗證什麼先前的研究
已被肯定的學術資源的年齡： 繼續使用和人文學者
的老舊資料, 舊資料的重要性有適當的書目工具的
選擇相當重要。
 資料庫具有廣泛的回顧性報導將很多研究人員特別有用。 在沒
有此類資料庫存在，印刷的書目和索引都是研究人員的基本工
具。
Where no such databases exist, printed bibliographies
and indexes are still essential tools for the researcher.
Identifying suitable printed bibliographic tools can be a
more difficult task than identifying suitable databases, as
the number of printed bibliographic tools on the shelves of
a large research library will be vastly greater than the
number of electronic databases to which it subscribes.
 如果沒有這種資料庫存在，印刷文獻目錄和索引仍然為
研究員不可或缺的工具。
 如列印的一大研究型圖書館書架上的書目工具的人
數將大大超過它所訂閱的電子資料庫的數量，確定
合適的印刷書目工具可以是更艱巨的任務，比確定
合適的資料庫。
Learning Objectives
學習目標
*Researchers should be able to identify appropriate
bibliographic resources, both print and electronic.
*Researchers should be aware of the value of library
catalogues as a bibliographic resource and be able to
locate catalogues of other libraries via the Web.
*Researchers should understand the factors which limit the
usefulness of a bibliographic resource, such as
chronological scope, types and language of resources
indexed, currency, methods of indexing.
 研究人員應該能夠確定印刷和電子的適當書目資源。
 研究人員應注意為書目資源庫目錄的值的和能夠找
到的其他庫通過 Web 目錄。
 研究人員應瞭解限制一個文獻的資源的作用的因素，
如按時間順序排列的範圍、 類型和資源的語言編制
索引，時效性，索引方法。
Searching Databases Effectively
有效地檢索數據庫
 As discussed at the beginning of this paper, there is
awareness among many humanists that they need to
learn more about how to use databases. The DLF Study
identified a "disparity among the scholars in searching
abilities. Some were quite conscious, or self-conscious,
about what they perceived as a lack of searching skills."
On the other hand, the authors also "observed the
humanists using a variety of sophisticated searching
techniques, such as applying the subject headings
assigned to a catalog record to locate related works,
limiting online searches to fields, or using Boolean
combinations."
 在討論之前，有很多人文學科的學者認為他們需要學習如何使用
資料庫。DLF學者認為“學者之間的搜索能力是有不同的。有些
人很自覺，或有自我意識，他們認為自己是缺乏尋找的技巧。”
在另一方面，作者通常使用各種先進的搜索技術，如採用主題詞
來查找相關的主題，限制網上搜索的範圍，或使用布林檢索。
 Among the important issues here is the question of
search terminology. Wiberley remarks that much of the
terminology used in the humanities is "very imprecise:
their definitions are often characterized by change over
time or a wide range of meaning, and their referents
frequently include a diversity of subjects or objects."(n23)
On the other hand, his survey of entry terms used in
subject encyclopedias and dictionaries in the humanities
revealed that about three-fifths of those terms are names
of persons or single creative works. Researchers should
understand the problems in choosing search terms and
the desirability of using proper nouns as search terms
where possible.
 其中重要的問題是我們問題搜索的用語。Wiberley認為，大部分
使用的用語是“非常不準確：他們的定義通常是隨時間變化或詞的
範圍太廣泛，他們的參考指標通常包括一個主題或對象的多樣
性。” 另一方面，他的報告顯示出在百科全書和字典內查找有關人
文學科的條目，有五分之三的條目都是關於人名或單項的創作品。
”
 The choice of controlled vocabulary or natural language in the
searching of databases is also important. Walker compared
these two search methods in a range of humanities databases
and found that controlled vocabulary searching produced more
results.(n24) However, her searches using natural language
were limited to the title fields of the records in the databases,
which probably invalidated her results, as researchers using
natural language searching tend to search terms across all fields
in the database records. Knapp and others conducted searches
for humanities scholars on controlled vocabulary databases,
using both controlled vocabulary and free-text terms, and they
found that combining both approaches yielded more relevant
items and higher recall than either method alone.
 選擇控制詞彙或自然語言搜索對資料庫也很重要。比較了這兩個方法，發
現在人文資料庫中，用控制詞彙搜索方法，會產生更多的結果。然而，她
用自然語言搜索僅限於標題字段，這可能使結果無效，研究者如果使用自
然語言這種搜尋法的話，她所搜尋到的結果將會是橫跨資料庫記錄的所有
範圍。Knapp和其他人文學科的學者在搜索關於控制詞彙時，同時使用控
制詞彙和自由文本，他們發現這兩種方法相結合產生了更多的有關項目和
更高的回收率。
 Citation indexes (like the Arts and Humanities Citation Index)
provide an alternative approach to identifying relevant references
and one that is not dependent upon the use of subject terms.
However, there seem to be mixed opinions among scholars
concerning the value of citation indexing in the humanities.
 Boolean searching is an aspect of database use that should not be
overlooked, even if some trainees might regard it as too basic a
topic for a postgraduate information skills class. Bates comments
on "the difficulty that many, though not all, people with a
humanities background have in learning this skill."(n26) Shaw
found that some of the graduate students in language and
literature whom she observed found Boolean operators
"challenging."(n27)
 引文索引（如藝術與人文引文索引）提供一種替代方法來確定相
關的參考，一個是不依賴於使用的主題詞。不過，有不同的學者
對於人文引文索引有不同的意見。
 布林檢索在資料庫方面的使用是不容忽視的，即使有些學員可能把它
視為研究生的信息技術類的基本課題。Bates對於“困難很多，雖然不
是全部，但是人文科學背景的都在學習這種技能”作出的評論。Shaw
觀察到一些在語言和文學方面的研究生認為布林檢索“很有挑戰。”
Shaw’s study is also of interest for its finding that the
researchers ‘‘generally retrieved and look[ed] through
large retrieval sets’’ and ‘‘expected to wade through many
citations to find the ones needed.’’ The imprecision of
much humanistic vocabulary and the possibilities of
serendipitous discovery probably encourage broader,
less specific search strategies in the humanities.
 Shaw's的研究發現也是研究人員關注的，“一般檢索”
和“預期通過許多引用，找到所需要的。”許多不準確
人文的詞彙表和偶然發現的可能性或許可以更廣泛
地提倡，那麼就少了一些特定的人文搜索策略。
Learning Objectives
學習目標
 Researchers should be able to search databases
effectively, particularly with regard to choice of
search terms, use of controlled vocabulary
(where available), use of Boolean operators, and
design of search strategy.
 研究人員應該能夠有效地搜索資料庫，特別是
關於選擇搜索條件，利用控制詞彙，使用布林
檢索和設計搜索策略。
 Received wisdom has it that, while scientists need to know of the latest
research as soon as it is published, humanists are not so concerned about
keeping up to date. Thompson conducted a citation analysis of books and
journals in a branch of literary studies and found that only 41% of
secondary materials cited were published in the preceding 10 years.(n29)
However, if recent publications are not as crucial to research in the
humanities as they are in the sciences, this does not mean that humanists
take little interest in the latest publications of their colleagues. The DLF
study reported that the scholars whom they surveyed "value the current
journal shelves and the title page services provided by the library."(n30)

 現在的智慧就是當科學家知道了最近的發布的調查之後，人類學者就不會
去關心那些調查有沒有繼續更新。Thompson利用了書上的引證分析和文
學研究的支派的日記，找出只有41%的中學教材中所引用的都已經是10年
前的出版。因此，如果最近的刊物關鍵都不在於人文科學的研究，而是在
於科學，這樣也不代表人類學者對他們學校最近出版的刊物興趣不大。
DLF研究報導他們所調查的學者”珍惜圖書館目前提供給他們的期刊書架和
封面的服務。
 Jones and others reported that historians use a great deal of
recently published material and use periodicals most
extensively immediately after their publication.(n31) This is
confirmed by data from JSTOR, the electronic archive of
academic journals, indicating that historians show more
preference for recent journal articles than do mathematicians
or economists.(n32)
 Jones和其他人指出那些歷史學家使用了一個解決最近出版教
材的方法和在他們刊登之後立即廣泛地利用期刊。那些期刊學
者的電子檔案說明了歷史學家比數學家和經濟學家更偏愛刊登
文章在期刊上。
 Brown conducted a survey of 188 North American music scholars and
found that "the sources scholars find most important in their efforts to
find out about new research are print-based (e.g., scanning new journals,
scanning the new-books shelf or new-books list in the library, or scanning
new bibliographies) or based on face-to-face contact with colleagues (e.g.,
going to conferences or talking with colleagues)."(n33)

 Brown進行了一項188名北美音樂學者的調查，找出” 資料來源的學者認為
最重要的努力是要找出關於新的研究是print-based (例如,在圖書館瀏覽新
的期刊，瀏覽新的書籍或者新書的清單，或者瀏覽新的書目)或者面對面
的聯絡同事們(例如，和學校開會或直接告訴同事們)
Learning Objectives
學習目標
 Researchers should be aware of the importance
of keeping up to date with new publications and
be able to develop strategies for achieving this.
 研究者應該知道不斷更新新的出版物的重要性，
為實現這些而展開策略。
Obtaining Material Not Available Locally
獲得材料不能當地使用
 In her survey of historians at the State University of New
York, Andersen found that in 1996 half of her sample
were placing inter-library loan requests at least once a
month.
 在她調查的歷史學家在美國紐約州立大學，安德森發現，
在1996年，一半的人把她的樣品館際互借要求至少每月
一次。
 The RSLG Study found that 49% of respondents
considered inter-library loan services to be
essential for their research. The history graduate
students surveyed by Delgadillo and Lynch made
heavy use of the library’s Inter-Library Loan
Department, although most of them complained
of delays in obtaining materials.
 該RSLG研究發現， 49 ％的受訪者認為館際互借
服務對其研究作用至為重要。由Delgadillo和
Lynch調查得出歷史研究生會大量使用圖書館的館
際互借部門，儘管其中多數抱怨資料取得的延誤。
Learning Objectives學習目標
 Researchers should be aware of the importance and
limitations of inter-library loan services.
 研究人員應該了解到館際互借服務的重要性和局限性。
Establishing a Network of Contacts
建立一個聯繫網絡
 The RSLG Study found that 67% of respondents considered
networking with colleagues and attending conferences to be
essential for their research and the DLF Study reported that "the
'grapevine,' as one scholar termed it, is crucial for supplying
references to recent books or articles that might not yet be
indexed or cited."
 該RSLG研究發現，百分之六十七的受訪者認為與同事在網路上
工作參加會議是不可或缺的研究還有DLF研究指出'grapevine'就
像一個學者稱呼他，對於提供參考最近的書籍或文章，可能還
沒有被索引或引用。
 The RSLG Study found that 52% of respondents were making
use of discussion lists.
 該RSLG研究發現52%的受訪者利用討論清單。
 Brockman and others found that the scholars in the DLF Study
were using electronic discussion lists to identify other scholars
working in the same field.
 布羅克曼和其他的學者發現學者們在DLF研究中，使用電子討
論清單，以確定其他學者在同一領域工作。
 So there is evidence to suggest that discussion lists, if not a
major information resource in the humanities, are certainly
playing a role in developing networks and helping researchers
to keep up to date.
 因此，如果不是一個在人文中主要的信息資源，這邊有個對討
論名單的建議，當然是發揮作用，發展網絡，並幫助研究人員
能夠不斷更新。
 Learning Objectives學習目標
 Researchers should understand the value of
informal contacts with other researchers as an
information resource.
 研究者應該了解和其他研究者的非正式接觸作為
一種訊息資源的價值。
 Researchers should be able to identify electronic
discussion lists and forthcoming conferences,
which are relevant to their area of research.
 研究者應該要能夠在跟他們有關的研究領域辨認
電子討論名單和即將召開的會議。
Consulting Library Staff
諮詢圖書館工作人員
 "The literature makes it abundantly clear that
researchers in the humanities do not see library staff
as a major information resource.“
 文獻使它非常清楚，人文研究者沒有看到圖書館工作人員
作為一項主要的訊息資源。
 The RSLG Study found that only 28% of respondents
considered that using enquiry and research assistance was
essential for their research.
 在RSLG研究中發現只有28%的受訪者認為使用查詢和研
究援助是不可或缺的研究。
 然而調查報告說： “研究人員在社會科學領域的研究和語
言和藝術與人文更明顯的比科學領域的同事可能使用研
究和諮詢服務的機構的圖書館。顯然地與他們在物理存
取的館藏的相關的相對依賴和，藝術案件、人文和區域
研究，與多樣性研究材料的物理需要。 “
Learning Objectives學習目標
 Researchers should be aware of the value of specialist
staff in libraries and other repositories as an information
resource.
 研究者應該了解圖書館的專門工作人員和其他信息庫作
為一種資訊資源的價值。
Organizing References Effectively
組織有效的參考文件
 The DLF Study of 33 humanists reported that "at least two
scholars employed a bibliographic program to manage citations."
 三十三位人文學者在DLF研究報告“至少有兩位學者受聘於書目
程式去管理引文。 “
 The usage of such software among younger researchers is
probably considerably higher.
 年輕的研究人員使用這種軟件的可能性是相當高的。
 Programs such as Reference Manager, EndNote, and
Procite, which were originally developed for use in the
sciences, are now becoming more widely used in the
humanities to enable the researcher to organize
references and cite them in publications.
 程式例如Reference Manager，EndNote和Procite最初開
發用於科學，正成為更廣泛地使用在人文，以使研究人
員，組織他們參考和引用的出版物。
Learning Objectives學習目標
 Researchers should be able to use personal bibliographic
software to organize references.
 研究者應該能夠使用個人書目軟件組織作為參考。
 A survey of U.S. historians placed books as the
most heavily used format.
 一項調查 美國歷史學家把書籍作為最頻繁使用的格
式。
 A survey of scholarly publications in the field of
American literature found that 64% of materials
cited were books.
 學術性出版物被發現在美國文學領域作為援引的
材料有64％是書。
 The RSLG Study found that 93% of respondents
considered books as essential research tools.
 RSLG研究發現，93％的受訪者考慮書籍的基本研究
工具。
 Because of the importance of primary sources in many
disciplines, there is considerable interest in older books.
 由於主要來源的在許多學科有其重要性，也有很大
的來源在較舊的書籍。
 Heinzlill found that of the books cited in a sample of
English literary journals, most were more than 10 years
old.
 Heinzkill發現引用英語文學的期刊樣本中，大部分
超過10年。
 Browsing the library shelves is another much used




approach to finding useful material.
瀏覽圖書館書架是另一個方法來尋找有用的材料。 In a
survey of humanists at the University of Utah, Broadbent
found that 57% used browsing as a means of identifying
wanted items.(n52) The DLF Study reported that "virtually
all of the scholars reported browsing in the library to be of
value to them in their work."(n53)
調查中人文主義學者在猶他大學，布羅德發現
57％的人使用瀏覽作為一種查明希望的項目的方法。
直屬員工隊的研究報告說，“幾乎所有的學者在工作時以瀏
覽圖書館為主。“
 There are frequent comments in the literature on the importance
of the humanist's personal collection of books and journals as an
information resource.
 以人為本的個人收藏的書籍和雜誌作為一種信息資源。
 For example, the RSLG Study found that 90% of respondents
considered their own private collections to be essential for their
research.(n54) In her survey of historians at the State University
of New York, Andersen found that in 1996 about four-fifths of
her sample were purchasing books or journals at least once a
month.(n55) Development of a personal book collection is a
technique that many researchers clearly consider useful. The
development of huge "virtual bookstores" on the Web has made
this process considerably easier.例如，RSLG研究發現，90％的
受訪者認為自己的私人藏品，在研究是至關重要的。
 In her survey of historians at the State University of New York,




Andersen found that in 1996 about four-fifths of her sample were
purchasing books or journals at least once a month.(n55) Development
of a personal book collection is a technique that many researchers
clearly consider useful. The development of huge "virtual bookstores"
on the Web has made this process considerably easier.
在她調查的歷史學家在紐約州立大學，安德森發現，在1996年約五分
之四的她的樣本是購買書籍或期刊，至少每月一次。發展個人藏書是
一種技術，許多研究人員清楚地認為有用。
開發的巨大的“虛擬書店”在網絡上，使這個過程相當容易。
In the DLF Study, six respondents "cited Amazon.com as an important
resource for developing basic bibliographies and for keeping up with
new publications."(n56)
在直屬員工隊的研究，六受訪者“引用Amazon.com作為一種重要的資
源用於發展基本書目和跟上新的出版物。”
 There are frequent comments in the literature on the
importance of the humanist's personal collection of books and
journals as an information resource.
 個人收藏的書籍和雜誌作為一種信息資源。Thompson
conducted a citation analysis of books and journals in a branch
of literary studies and found that, of secondary monographs
published after 1964, 20 of the 316 publishers represented had
published more than half of the 2230 works cited.
 Thompson conducted a citation analysis of books and
journals in a branch of literary studies and found that, of
secondary monographs published after 1964, 20 of the 316
publishers represented had published more than half of
the 2230 works cited.(n57) This illustrates the fact that, in
some disciplines, a small group of publishers are
responsible for the great majority of scholarly
monographs published.
 湯普森進行了引文分析的書籍和期刊的一個分支，文學
研究和發現，出版專著的中學後，1964年， 316個出版商
有20個出版了超過半數的引用文獻。
 This illustrates the fact that, in some disciplines, a
small group of publishers are responsible for the
great majority of scholarly monographs published.
 這說明在某些學科，一個小組負責出版業者絕大多
數的學術專著。
 Where this is the case, using alerting services (print
or electronic) provided by such publishers can be a
useful technique.如果是這種情況下，使用新知通報
（印刷版或電子版）提供了這樣的出版商可以成為
一個有用的技術。
Electronic books still seem to be a little-used resource.’
 電子書籍似乎仍然是一個很少使用的資源。
 According to the DLF Data Set, only 18.3% of
researchers were using e-books for their
research.(n58) However, this is a rapidly developing
area, and we might expect that future studies will
find much higher levels of use of e-books.
 據DLF Data Set的數據，只有18.3％的研究人員利用
電子圖書為他們的研究。
 不過，這是一個迅速發展的領域，我們可以期望未
來的研究會發現很多高層次的應用電子書籍。
學習目標
 Researchers should be aware of suitable bibliographic
tools (including library catalogues) for identifying
relevant books.
 研究人員應該知道合適的書目工具（包括圖書館目錄）
為確定且相關的書籍。
 Researchers should understand the value of browsing
library shelves to locate additional references.
 研究人員應了解其價值瀏覽圖書館書架找到更多的參
考。
 Researchers should be aware of the value of an
extensive personal collection of books and should
identify sources from which to purchase new and
second-hand material.
 研究人員應該知道廣泛的價值個人收藏的書籍，並應
當標明來源，其中以購買新的和二手材料。
 Researchers should be aware of major publishers in
the discipline and be able to make use of alerting
services which they offer.
 研究人員應該知道的主要出版商的紀律，並能夠利用
它們提供新知通告服務。
Journal Articles
＊20%的受訪者引用過雜誌文章
很大的部分著重於最近的期刊文獻
裡面有40%的期刊文章為最近10年所發表的
＊歷史學家最常使用較新穎期刊資料
＊在人文學裡面專著的引用還是高於期刊
＊在人文學裡，期刊雖然不是主要的工具，但期刊
在科學領域中是不可以被忽略的。
 Journal Articles 期刊論文




Heinzkill surveyed citations in 15 journals in the field of English
literature and found that only 20% of those citations were to
journal articles.(n59) He also found that there was considerable
emphasis on the more recent journal literature: about 40% of
the journal articles cited had been published in the previous ten
years.(n60) Jones and others surveyed citations in journal
articles on English history and found that historians make fewer
references to monographs and more to serials than is customary
in the humanities.(n61) They also found that historians use
periodicals most extensively immediately after their
publication.(n62)
Heinzkill 調查引用15期刊引文調查在該領域的英文文獻，發現
只有20％的人引用期刊文章。
他還發現，最近有相當重視的期刊文獻：約40％的日記文章列
舉了刊登在過去10年。
瓊斯等人在接受調查的雜誌文章，歷史學者引用的比人文學者
還要更少。
他們發現歷史學家大多是在出版後才使用期刊。
 Although the journal article is not as important an
information resource in the humanities as it is in the
sciences, it is a major resource nonetheless. The RSLG
Study found that 84% of respondents considered
printed refereed journals as essential research
tools.(n63)雖然該雜誌的文章是不是作為一個重要的
信息資源，
 在人文上，因為它是在科學領域，它仍然是一個重要
的資源。RSLG的研究發現，84％的受訪者認為印刷審
閱的期刊作為重要的研究工具。
 The DLF Study reported that "most scholars whom we interviewed
cited several core journals that they read regularly; most maintain
personal subscriptions to a limited number of journals."(n64) The
same survey reported that many respondents "browse through
both bookshelves and periodical shelves to keep current or gain
exposure to new ideas."(n65) It is interesting to note that, as with
books, personal collections and browsing the library shelves play a
role in locating relevant journal articles.直屬員工隊的研究報告說，
“我們採訪了多數學者，大多數保持個人訂閱的期刊數量。”
 同一項調查報告說，許多受訪者“瀏覽書架，保持接觸或獲得新的
想法。“
 Has the increasing availability of journals in electronic form
affected the research habits of humanists?
 有越來越多的可用性期刊電子正在影響研究習慣，直屬員工隊的
研究報告說，“一些學者提到的使用全文資源。”
 Data from JSTOR, the electronic archive of academic
journals, indicate that electronic access to journal
articles increases their usage.(n68) This is attributed
to added convenience and searchability.
 JSTOR的數據，電子檔案的學術期刊，表明以電子方
式獲取期刊文章增加其用途。這是由於添加方便性可
搜索性。
 If browsing new journal shelves in libraries is a
technique which humanists use to keep up to date, we
can assume that scanning new journal issues via the
Web is beginning to play a similar role, particularly
when there are alerting services which will notify users
when new issues of specified journals are available.
 如果瀏覽貨架上的新雜誌在圖書館是一種技術，它便
會使用的人文主義者不斷進步。
 我們可以假設，掃描新雜誌的問題通過網絡已開始發
揮類似的作用，尤其是當有新知通告服務時，它會通
知用戶新問題指明期刊可供選擇。
Learning Objectives學習目標
 Researchers should be aware of suitable bibliographic tools
for identifying relevant journal articles.研究人員應該知道
合適的書目工具，確定相關的期刊文章。
Researchers should understand the importance of regularly
scanning core journals and browsing journal shelves in
libraries.研究人員應該了解的重要性定期掃描核心期刊和
期刊瀏覽圖書館書架。
Researchers should be aware of relevant collections of ejournals and should understand how to search such
collections and how to browse new issues and make use of
email alerting services.研究人員應該知道的有關藏品的電
子期刊，並應了解如何搜索這些信息，以及如何瀏覽新的
問題，並利用電子郵件警報服務。
Book Reviews書評
 As books form such a high proportion of the resources used by humanists, it is
not surprising that book reviews should be a major information resource in most
humanities disciplines. Garfield pointed out that in 1978, of the 85,000 source
items covered by the Arts and Humanities Citation Index, 38,000 were book
reviews.(n69) As there is often a considerable time lag between publication of a
book and publication of reviews, the prime role of the book review is perhaps not
so much to inform scholars of new publications as to provide informed and
considered assessment of the content of the works reviewed.
If this is the case, then book reviews continue to be of interest long after they
have been published. This is borne out by the findings of a survey of U.S.
historians conducted by Stieg.(n70) The respondents to her survey listed book
reviews as the third most useful tool used in locating references that they needed
for research. For keeping current, they listed book reviews as the second most
useful tool.
 人文學者使用書籍資源有很高的比例，書評是大多數人文學者的主要訊息來源，
１９７８年，Garfield指出有８５０００個資源物品被隱藏在藝術及人文學的引
論索引裡，其中有３８０００是書評。而新書出版與書評中間通常都會有一段很
長的時間，所以書評的主要作用並不是通知這些學者有新的書出版，而是提供通
知與評估作品的內容審查。如果是這樣，當新書出版後書評仍然會受到關注。歷
史學家Stieg做了一個研究，研究內容證實了以上的講法。而受訪者對他的調查中
列出的書評是作為研究資料時第三種最有用的工具，但為了隨時了解，所以把書
評列為第二個種有用的工具。
 How do researchers locate book reviews? In some
disciplines, there are one or more periodicals that
specialize in publishing book reviews, but most journals
include some book reviews, and researchers presumably
locate these by regularly scanning the core journals in their
field. Some of the databases and print bibliographic tools
which index and abstract journal articles also index book
reviews, but it is important to remember that others do not.
 要如何研究書評？在某些學科，通常有一個或多個專門從
事期刊出版的書評，但在這個領域中，大多數的期刊都會
包括書評和研究員的推論。一些書目數據庫和打印工具、
索引和雜誌的文章中也有書評，但是要記住，並不是全部
都會有。
Learning Objectives 學習目標
 Researchers should be aware of the value of book
reviews as an information resource and understand
how to locate reviews of relevant books.
 研究人員應該知道的書評作為一種信息資源的價值，
了解如何找到有關的書籍。
Articles in Books 書的文章
 Papers which have been collected into edited monographs
are a significant type of information resource in the
humanities. Thompson conducted a citation analysis of
books and journals in a branch of literary studies and
found that 14% of secondary works cited were "book
articles."(n71) Cullars analyzed 539 references in
philosophy monographs and found that 14.5% were to
"articles in books."(n72)
 在人文學科之中，論文的主編專著是一個重要類型的信息
資源，Thompson進行了的書籍和期刊在文學研究中的引
文分析，發現所列舉的作品有14%是書的文章。Cullars分
析了539本關於哲學專著，發現14.5％是書的文章。
 Locating book chapters can present particular
bibliographic challenges, as they are not indexed in
library catalogues nor in periodical indexes. For this
reason, it is desirable to devote special attention to the
issues involved in locating information in this format.
 找出書籍的章節能帶來特別的書目挑戰，因為這些書
籍沒有編入圖書館目錄或期刊索引中，也因為這樣，
用這種形式來為資訊定位的議題是值得特別注意的。
Learning Objectives 學習目標
 Researchers should be aware of the importance of the
"book article" as an information resource and of
relevant bibliographic tools which list such works.
 研究人員應該知道“書的文章”的重要性，而且作為信
息資源和有關書目工具，列表等。
Theses 論文
 Stieg found that the U.S. historians whom she
surveyed listed theses and dissertations as the sixth
most heavily used format.(n73) According to the DLF
Data Set, 76.5% of researchers were using dissertations
for their research.
 Stieg發現她做過調查的美國歷史學家把論文例為第六
種最常用的格式，根據收集的數據，76.5％的研究人
員利用這種格式來研究論文。
 It is likely that researchers identify relevant theses from
references in works that they have read, or via their
networks of contacts with other researchers. Theses are
often not included in standard bibliographic tools and
researchers may not be aware of the specialist databases
that index them. Once identified, they can still be difficult
and expensive to access. The development of digital
repositories of theses may alleviate these problems in the
future.
 研究人員從這些作品中引用閱讀，確定相關的論文，或通
過網絡與其他研究人員接觸。論文往往是不包括在標準書
目工具和研究人員可能不知道的專家數據庫，為它們編制
索引。雖然是這樣，他們仍然可以是困難和昂貴地使用。
在將來的日子，數位資料庫的發展可以解決這些問題。
Learning Objectives學習目標
 Researchers should be aware of the value of theses as
an information resource and understand how to
identify relevant theses.
 Researchers should be aware of the problems involved
in obtaining copies of theses.
 研究人員應該知道論文作為信息資源的價值，了解如
何確定相關的論文。
 研究人員也應該知道取得論文所涉及的問題。
Unpublished Material 未出版資料
 The importance of manuscript material necessarily varies from
discipline to discipline. Stieg found that the U.S. historians whom she
surveyed listed manuscripts as the third most heavily used format.(n75)
The RSLG Study found that 50% of respondents considered rare books
and manuscripts to be essential for their research.(n76) According to
the DLF Data Set, 85% of respondents were using manuscripts and
other primary source documents for their research.
 重要的手稿材料有很多不同的變化，Stieg發現手稿材料被列為第三種
頻繁使用的格式，The RSLG Study發現50%的受訪者認為珍貴的手稿
是研究的重要材料，跟據DLF Data Set，有85％的受訪者使用手稿和
其他文件的主要來源為他們的研究。
 The uniqueness of manuscripts makes them particularly
difficult to identify and locate. The DLF Study reported
that "despite numerous projects under way to post finding
aids to special collections on the Web, none of the scholars
reported having consulted them. Scholars identified
collections through colleagues' suggestions or by making
informed guesses as to where collections of relevance
might be located and then corresponding with the
presumed repository.“
 手稿的獨特性使它們特別難以被認同，The DLF Study報告
說“儘管許多計劃正在網路上收集愛滋病資料，沒有一個人
文學者的報告提及它們。人文學者通過收集建議或作出通
知性的猜測，收集相關的地點及相對應的推定。
Learning Objectives學習目標
 Researchers should be aware of the value of
unpublished material as an information resource and
understand the challenges involved in identifying and
accessing relevant documents.
 研究人員應該知道未公佈的材料作為信息資源的價值，
參與並了解確定和獲取相關文件。
網路資源
 According to the DLF Data Set, about half of respondents reported
that at least one quarter of their information needs for research
were available online.
 By 1996 just over a third of her sample had begun to use Web pages.
 Views on the quality and utility of Web resources vary greatly.
 The number of Web sites cited in those works was negligible
網路資源
 While the Web is being widely used to access bibliographic databases and
full-text collections of e-journals and e-books, other Web resources are still
of limited interest to many researchers.
 three scholars talked about Voice of the Shuttle as the Web site that
provided them with the most valuable links.
 researchers are simply unaware of the existence of mediated subject
gateways.
Learning Objectives
 Researchers should understand how to locate specialist gateways and
search engines that may help to identify relevant Web resources.
其他格式
 There are many other formats in which relevant information may
appear.
 The importance of such formats will depend on the discipline
and the specific research project.
Learning Objectives
 Researchers should be aware of other formats in which relevant
information may appear and should understand how to identify
and access such materials.
結論
 A syllabus such as the one outlined above is only a
framework for developing a program which will
meet the needs of a specific user group.
 Teaching is an interactive, dynamic process, and
every lesson plan is subject to constant review as a
class progresses.
 There is no simple formula for designing courses
appropriate .
結論
Many issues remain to be resolved:
 how to teach the skills, how to mix face-to-face training with
Web-based delivery
 how to integrate the program into the professional development
of the researcher
 how to assess and evaluate
 how to obtain the cooperation of academic staff