Transcript PowerPoint 演示文稿

Unit 9
Part A Text (Managers for the
Twenty-first Century)
Part B Grammar(名词性从句）
Part C Supplementary Reading
(Announcement Letters)
Part A Text (Managers for the Twenty-first Century)
• I. Background Information
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1. Lester Thurow
莱斯特·瑟罗（1938-）美国当代著名经济学家，麻省理工学院管理学与经济学
教授，被认为是世界级的经济问题权威。擅长宏观经济学、化共财政、收入
分配、世界经济和管理学。著述颇丰，已有14部专著问世。特别是《零和社
会：再分配与经济变革的可能性》一书出版后，被誉为美国政坛和国家经济
政策的重要声音；《21世纪的角逐》列《纽约时报》非文艺类图书排行榜榜
首。是《新闻周刊》的撰稿编辑，《纽约时报》编辑委员会的主要成员。在
经济学界影响力甚大。
中文名：莱斯特·瑟罗
国籍：美国
出生地：美国蒙大拿州 出生日期：1938年
职业：经济学家，教授 毕业院校：哈佛大学
代表作品：《零和社会:再分配与经济变革的可能性》
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瑟罗教授着书甚丰，而且越写越畅销。他的主要作品 包括：
《零和社会：分配和经济变革的可能性》(1981)
《世纪之争：竞逐全球新霸主》（Head to Head）
《知识经济时代》（Building Wealth: The New Rules for Individuals,
Companies, and Nations in a Knowledge- Based Economy）
《危险的趋势：经济学的现状》（The Zero—Sum Society，1983)
《零和社会解决方案：建设国际水平的美国经济》 (1985)
《21世纪的角逐：行将到来的日、欧、美经济战》(1992)
《资本主义的未来：当今各种经济力量如何塑造未来世界 (The Future
of Capitalism,1996)等。
• 2.Just in time (JIT)
• JIT is an inventory strategy implemented to improve the return on
investment of a business by reducing in-process inventory and its
associated costs.
• 即时管理（JIT,Just in time）是起源于日本丰田汽车公司的一种生产管
理方法。它的基本思想可用现在已广为流传的一句话来概括，即只在
需要的时候，按需要的量生产所需的产品，这也就是Just in Time（JIT）
一词所要表达的本来含义。 即时管理（JIT,Just in time），其实质是保
持物质流和信息流在生产中的同步，实现以恰当数量的物料，在恰当
的时候进入恰当的地方，生产出恰当质量的产品。这种方法可以减少
库存，缩短工时，降低成本，提高生产效率。
II. Language Points
• 1. The globalization of world capital markets that
has occurred in the past10 years will be repeated
right across the economy in the next decade.
• The globalization of world capital markets that has occurred in the
past10 years will…: The noun modifies by “ that has occurred in the past
10 years” is “the globalization”, rather than “the world’s capitatal markets”.
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replicate: vt: be or make a copy of ; reproduce复制，模拟
e.g. It is a business decision to determine exactly what kind of data to
replicate.
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准确确定要复制的数据类型是一项商业决定。
Employers can also foster competition and drive broader system
improvement in ways that are difficult for government entities to
replicate.
雇主还可以促进竞争，推动更广泛的系统改进的方式，而这对
政府实体来说难以复制。
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2. An international perspective has become
central to management.
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perspective: n: particular way of considering sth. 观点，视
角
e.g. The prospective inspector prospected his prospect with
his own perspective.
未来的检查员用自己的观点勘察他的前景。
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3. More likely than not, you and your boss
will not be of the same nationality.
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more likely than not: (very) probably (很)可能
e.g.: Those resting at 3000 will more likely than not have only
embodied 30% of the biological blueprint to date at this time in history.
比起那些在历史的此刻只将生物体蓝图显化了30％的人来
说，那些停留在3000股的人可能要更多。
One therefore most likely wishes to weave a dream for
community into one's future, as it is more likely than not a part of one's
purpose as map carver.
因此你很可能希望去编织未来对社区的梦想，当它非常适
合你，而不是你作为地图切割者的部分意图的时候。
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• 4. In addition, the need to produce goods and service at
quality levels previously thought impossible to obtain in
mass production and spreading use of participatory
management techniques will require a work force with much
higher levels of education and skills.
• "… the need to … spreading use of participatory management techniques
will …”: The subjects of the sentence are “the need … and the spreasing
use”. The infinitve phrase “ to produce goods and service … in mass
production” modifies “the need”. With in the infinitve phrase, “at quality
levels …” is a prepositional phrase, modifying “goods and services”, and
“previously thought impossible to obtain in mass production” is a pasr
participial phrase, modifying “goods and services”.
• 5. This shift is occurring not because today's
managers are more enlightened than yesterday's
managers, but because the evidence is rapidly
mounting that the second style of management is
more productive than the first style of management.
• “…but … than the first style of management.”: that clause is
used to introduce an oppositive clause, explaining what the
evidence is.
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enlightened, a: free from prejudice, ignorance, superstition, etc. 摆脱偏
见、无知、迷信等的；开朗的；有知识的
e.g.: It permits a few enlightened individuals to weaken the iron grip
and will of reactionary forces which hold and abuse power.
它使少数觉悟了的个人能够削弱那种掌握并滥用权力的反动力
量的铁的控制和意志。
enlighten, v: to make clear, to educate 启蒙、启发；教导、开导
e.g.: I hope the results of my research will enlighten my colleagues.
我希望我的研究成果会对我的同事们有所启发。
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mount: ① vi: if something is mounting, it is increasing.增加
e.g.: Social problems in modern society are mounting.
现代社会的社会问题越来越多。
② vt: if you mount something, such as a staircase or a
platform, you go up to the top of it 向上
e.g.: Walter mounted the steps and pressed the bell.
瓦特走上台阶，按响了门铃。
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6. But this means that problems of training and
motivating the work force both become more
central and require different models of behaviour.
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motivate, vt: stimulate the interest of; cause to want to do sth. 激发…….
的兴趣，激励，诱导
e.g．：Before you can understand, motivate, and lead others, you
must first understand, motivate, and lead yourself.
在你能够理解、激励和领导别人之前，你必须首先理解、激
励和领导你自己。
motivation,n. 动机，推动，积极性
e.g.: I should leave, how to turn that feeling into me ascensive
motivation?
我就要离开了，怎样将那份情感变成我进步的动力。
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7. To be on top of this situation ,tomorrow's managers will
have to have strong background in organizational
psychology,human relations,and labor economics.
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on top of: having control of 控制
e.g.: The 18-year-old striker is on top of Italy into the season, and
before that he had in the past few years the youth league had an
impressive performance.
这位18岁的年轻前锋是上赛季进入意大利顶级的，而在此
之前他已经在过去几年的青年联赛中有过了令人印象深刻的表现。
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8. The MIT Sloan School of quickly management attempts
to advance our understanding in these areas through
research and then quickly bring the fruits of this new
research to our students so that they can be leading-edge
managers when it comes to the human side of the
equation.
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when it comes to: when it is a case, matter of question of… 当涉及……
的情况、事情或问题时
e.g.: When it comes to manufacturing, this means ensuring your
business partners are not, for example, using an inappropriate labour
force.
举例来说，就制造业务而言，这意味着确保你的业务伙伴
没有使用非法劳动力。
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9. The first three decades after World War II were unusual
in that the United States had a huge technological lead
over all the rest in the word.
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in that：for the reason that; because 因为， 基于……的理由
e.g.: This book is different from that book in that this one is about
chemistry and that one about history.
这本书不同于那本,因为这本是有关化学的,而那本是有关历
史的。
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10. In a very real sense the world was not
technological competitive.
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in a sense: if the statement , etc. is understood in a particular way 在某
种意义上
e.g.: In a sense, the competition between the retail enterprises is
rather the competition of inventory management than the competition
of price.
在这个意义上说，零售行业的竞争与其说是价格的竞争，
不如说是库存管理的竞争。
In a sense, healthy The quality of modern psychology is an
important quality is the call of the 21st century, innovation is also a
talented pass.
在某种意义上说，健康的心理品质是现代人的重要素质，
是21世纪的呼唤，也是创新人才的通行证。
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• 11. American firms did not have to worry about their
technological competitiveness because they were superior.
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superior: (i) n. one of greater rank or station or quality; a combatant who is able to
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defeat rivalsn. 上级, 高手, 上标
e.g.He always does what his superiors tell him.
– 他惟上级之命是从。
He has no superior as a Shakespearian actor.
– 他演莎士比亚戏剧无出其右。
(ii) adj. of high or superior quality or performance; having a higher rank 高傲的, 上层的, 上
好的, 出众的
e.g.He smiled a superior smile as he drove past in his expensive new car.
– 他开着那辆豪华的新车驶过时，傲慢的微微一笑。
I'll report you to your superior officer!
– 我要把你的情况报告给你的上司！
• 12. In some areas they are still ahead, in some areas
they are average, and in some areas they are
behind, but on average they are average.
• on average: typically; on the average adv.副词
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e.g. We fail one student per year on average.
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我们平均每年有一个学生不及格。
Our reps make on average six calls day.
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我们的销售代表平均每天打六次电话。
• 13. What this means is that american
managers have to understand the forces of
technical change in ways that were not
necessary in the past.
• … understand the forces of technical change in ways that
were not necessary in the past. : “in ways that were not
necessary in the past” modifies “understand” and “that were
not necessary in the past” modifies “ways”.
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14. In the world of tomorrow managers cannot be technological illiterate
regardless of their functional tasks within the firm.
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illiterate: (i) n. a person unable to read, illiterate person, nonreader 文盲，无知的人
e.g. The lateral elite is literally illiterate.
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边上的杰出人物简直是文盲。
I can confirm that you are illiterate in English!
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我能确定你是个英语文盲！
(ii) adj. not able to read or write, lacking culture, especially in language and literature 文
盲的，无知的
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e.g. Dr. Andrew Sneddon is particularly excited by what has been found as it gives a
unique insight into the lives of the working but illiterate inhabitants of the city.
• 安德鲁斯内登博士对于发现到的事物感到非常兴奋，因为可以深入的了解到这城市劳动
但文盲的居民生活。
• regardless of: 不管, 不顾
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e.g.
I'll take the job regardless of the pay.
– 不管报酬多少我都要这份工作。
Mary is the life and soul of any company she is in.
– 玛丽不管和哪些伙伴在一起，总是个活跃分子。
Regardless of danger, he climbed the tower.
– 他不顾危险地爬上了高塔。
He keeps on working in spite of his illness.
– 他不顾疾病继续工作。
Part B Grammar(名词性从句）
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在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词性从句的功
能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾
语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句又可分别称为主语从
句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：
连词： that （宾语从句或表语从句中that有时可以省略）， whether, if
（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性），as if , as though （均表示
“好像”，“似乎”）
连接代词： what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which,
whichever
连接副词：when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however
主语从句
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作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if，as if和because等连接
代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever，whom等以及连接副词how，when，where，why等
词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、
又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。because引导表语从句。注：whom、who指人，what指
物，whatever，whoever表示泛指意义。例如：
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。
有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句
置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：
（1） It + be + 名词 + that从句
（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句
（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句
（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句
另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语
气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有：
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
宾语从句
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名词从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从
句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文
体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.
我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。
注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt
等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原
形”。例如：
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出
发。
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2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever,
whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。
例如：
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情
的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语
序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不
用if：
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c . 引导从句作介词宾语时；d.
从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有
趣的问题。
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4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用
不同时态。例如：
I know (that) he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时）
I know (that) he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）
I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时）
I know (that) he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）
当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过
去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。
例如：
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America．
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变
为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如：
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
表语从句
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在复合句中，位于系动词之后作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关
联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用
as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：
The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。
That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。
It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。
需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。
例如：
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this
morning .
【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表
语从句。
同位语从句
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同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从
句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、
order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
同位语从句和定语从句的区别：
that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略；
that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。
试比较下面两个例句:
I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）
Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定
语从句，作宾语，可以省略）
名词性that-从句
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（1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中
不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形
容词宾语，例如：
主语：That she is still alive is her luck. 她还活着全靠运气。
宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：
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a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的
是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 众所周
知……
It has been decided that… 已决
定……
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c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……
是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的
是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想
起……
名词性wh-从句
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1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what,
whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除
了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：
主语： How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语：In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize. 俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基
金会主席职位。
宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语： I have no idea when he will return.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语：I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀
请。
介词宾语： That depends on where we shall go.
那取决于我们去哪儿。
2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：
It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。
if, whether引导的名词从句
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1）yes-no 型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称
为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如：
主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有待证实。
宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在
星期五以前把文章写完。
表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值
得信赖。
形容词宾语： She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度
过疾病的危险期。
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2）选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成，例如：
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹
麦人。
if和whether的区别：
1、 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如：
I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
2、 在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如：
I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。
3 、在介词后，只能用whether。如：
His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether 。如：
Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know. 这是否真的，我真的不知道。
5、用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。如：
Could you tell me if you know the answer ?
这句话有两种意思：“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗？”或“如果你知道答案，请
告诉我，好吗？”。如用whether可避免歧义.
Part C Supplementary Reading (Announcement Letters)
• Reading Skills
• Step1 Read the title. Mentally focus the subject of the article.
Make some predictions about what the article might contain.
• Step2 Read the introduction.
• Step3 Read the summary. Turn to the end of the article and
read either the summary or the last paragraph. If there is a
summary, it will sometimes restate the main ideas. If there is
a final paragraph only, it should emphasize an important and
concluding idea.
• Step4 Circle the key words or terms in the chapter or article.
Thank you！