Transcript Document

Поколения компьютеров
Первое
Второе
Поколение Поколение
Технологи Электронны Транзисторы
е лампы
я
Размер
Целое
здание
Полкомнаты
Третье
Поколение
Интегральные
схемы
(несколько
транзисторов)
Несколько
столов
Четвёртое
Поколение
Микрочипы
Microchips
(миллионы
транзисторо
в)
Крошечный
1
IBM PC - 1981
• IBM-Intel-Microsoft совместная
работа
• Первый широко-продаваемый
ПК
• 8088 Микрочип - 29,000
транзисторов
– 4.77 Mhz процессор
• 256 K RAM (Random Access
Memory)
2
• Один или два флоппи-дисков
Apple Macintosh
• 1984
• Процессор Motorola 68000
• Первый ПК с GUI и мышью
3
Прогресс Компьютеров
UNIVAC
(1951-1970)
Mits
Altair
(1968 vers.)
(1975)
Микросх Интегральн 2 Intel
емы
ая схема
8080
Микрочи
п
RAM
512 K
265 Bytes
Memory
Частота 1.3 MHz
2 KHz
Память
100 MB
Hard Drive
Размер
Комната
Цена
$1.600.000
IBM PC
(1981)
Macintosh
(1984)
Intel 8088 Motorola
Микрочи 68000
п - 29,000
Transistors
256 KB
Pentium
IV
Intel P-IV
Microchip
- 7.5 million
transistors
256 MB
4.77 MHz
3200 MHz
= 3.2 GHz
8” Floppy Floppy
Floppy
Hard
Drive
Drive
Drives
Drive,
Floppy,
CD-Rom
Портфель Портфель Две
Небольша
+
+
коробки с я сумка
монитор монитор обувью
$750
$1595
~$4000
$1000 $2000
4
Встроенные компьютеры Сейчас
5
Будущее?
6
Спасибо за внимание!
7
8
Milestones in Computer
Architecture (1)
Some milestones in the development of
the modern digital computer.
9
Milestones in Computer
Architecture (2)
Some milestones in the development of
the modern digital computer.
10
Computer Generations
• Zeroth Generation
Mechanical Computers (1642 – 1945)
• First Generation
Vacuum Tubes (1945 – 1955)
• Second Generation
Transistors (1955 – 1965)
• Third Generation
Integrated Circuits (1965 – 1980)
11
Von Neumann Machine
The original Von Neumann machine.
12
Intel Computer Family (1)
The Intel CPU family. Clock speeds are
measured in MHz (megahertz) where 1
MHZ is 1 million cycles/sec.
13
Early Competitors
• Commodore
• TRS-80
• Osborne
14
IBM PC
• IBM enters small
computer market 1981
• Uses open architecture
• Purchases operating
system from Microsoft
15
Early Computer History
• Pascalene 1624
– The first accurate mechanical
calculator
– Created by Blaise Pascal
– Used to add, subtract, multiply,
and divide
• Jacquard Loom 1820
– Created by Joseph Jacquard
– A machine that automated the
weaving of complex patterns
– Used holes punched in cards to
automate the process
16
Early Computer History
• Analytical Engine 1834
– Created by Charles Babbage
• The father of computing
– The first automatic calculator
– Includes components similar to
those found in today's computers
• Hollerith Tabulating Machine 1890
– Created by Herman Hollerith
– Used punch cards to tabulate
census data
– Hollerith started the Tabulating Machine
Company, which later became IBM
17
Early Computer History
• Z1 1936
– Created by Konrad Zuse
– The Z1 is a mechanical
calculator
– It included a control unit
and memory functions
• Atanasoff-Berry Computer
1939
– Created by John Atanasoff
and Clifford Berry
– The first electrically
powered digital computer
– Used vacuum tubes to
store data
– The first computer to use
the binary system
Atansoff-Berry Computer
18
Early Computer History
• Harvard Mark I 1944
– Created by Howard Aiken and Grace
Hopper
– A computer used by the US Navy for
ballistics calculations
– Hopper’s contribution to computing
was
• Invention of the compiler
• Coined the term “computer bug”
• Turing Machine 1939
– Created by Alan Turing
– A hypothetical model that defined a
mechanical procedure or algorithm
– Concept of an infinite tape that could
read, write, and erase was precursor
to today’s RAM
1st use of “computer bug”
19
Early Computer History
• ENIAC 1944
– Created by John W.
Mauchly and J. Presper
Eckert
– The first successful highspeed electronic digital
computer
ENIAC
• UNIVAC 1951
– The first commercially
successful electronic
digital computer
– Used magnetic tape
UNIVAC
20
Early Computer History
• Transistors 1945
– Invented at Bell Laboratories
– Replaces vacuum tubes
• Integrated circuits 1958
– Invented by Jack Kilby of Texas
Instruments
– A small chip containing
thousands of transistors
– Enabled computers to become
smaller and lighter
21
Early Computer History
• Microprocessor chip 1971
– Created by Intel Corporation
– A small chip containing millions of transistors
– It functions as the central processing unit (CPU)
22
Computer Generations
• First-generation computers (1946–1958)
– UNIVAC
– Use vacuum tubes to store data
• Second-generation computers (1959–1964)
– Use transistors to store data
• Third-generation computers (1965–1970)
– Use integrated circuits
• Fourth-generation computers (1971–Today)
– Use a microprocessor chip
23
Computer History
24
Computer History, cont.
25
Computer History, cont.
26
Miniaturizing the Computer
27
The Microprocessor
• Intel (“Integrated Electronics) c. 1969
– Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, Andrew Grove leave Fairchild
Semiconductor
– Busicom’sdesire for high-performance calculator chips (12)
• Ted Hoff’s idea to instead design a single-chip, general
purpose logic device
– Intel 4004 microprocessor
– The rest is …
28
Microcomputer Architecture
29
Components of a Microcontroller
30
Abacus
31
Early Calculators
• 1614 John Napier, Napier’s Rods multiply, divide, square roots
• 1623 Wilhelm Schickard, Calculating
Clock reconstructed in 1960
• 1625 slide rule invented
• 1642 Blaise Pascal invented the
Pascaline, the first “digital calulator”
32
Napier’s Bones
33
Schickard’s Calculator
34
Slide Rule
35
The Pascaline
36
Early Caluclators
• 1822 Charles Babbage Mechanical
computing machine. Too complicated to
build until 1853
37
Babbage’s “Difference Engine”
38
Vacuum Tube
• 1906
• Lee Forest invented the “Electronic
Valve”
• This made digital electronic computers
possible
39
Early Vacuum Tube
40
First Generation computers
• 1939 - 1959
• Use vacuum tubes and wire circuits
• 1939 ABC computer completed, clock
speed of 60 Hz, uses punch cards for
secondary memory
• 1946 ENIAC 18,000 valves, used 25 KW
of power, 100,000 calculations/second
41
ABC Atanasoff-Berry
Computer
42
ENIAC
43
ENIAC
44
Transistors
• 1947
• Bell laboratories invent the transistor
• Smaller, cheaper, more reliable, less
heat
45
First Transistor
46
Second Generation
Computers
• 1959 - 1964
• Based on transistors and printed circuits
• Much smaller and less power
consumption
47
Integrated Circuit
• 1958
• Invented by Jack Kilby at Texas
Instruments
• Integrates the functions of many
transistors into one physical component
48
First Integrated Circuit
49
Third Generation
Computers
• 1964 - 1972
• Based on integrated circuits, smaller
than 2nd Generation
50
Microprocessors
• 1971
• Intel released first microprocessor, the
4004
• Equivalent to 2,300 transistors, 4 bit
data path, ran at 108 KHz
• Microprocessors are complex integrated
circuits, capable of many different
functions
51
Intel 4004 Processor
52
Intel 8088 circuitry
53
Fourth Generation
Computers
• 1972 • Based on microprocessors
• Utilize LSI (Large Scale Integration),
and VLSI (Very Large Scale
Integration)
• Smaller, faster, and more complex than
3rd Generation
54
Fifth Generation Computers
• ????
• Will be much smaller and faster than
4th Generation
• Greatly increased data storage
capability
• Will most likely have light, easily
transportable display capabilities
• May be built into clothing
55
Fifth Generation Computers
• Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond:
Artificial Intelligence
Fifth generation computing devices, based on
artificial intelligence, are still in development, though
there are some applications, such as voice
recognition, that are being used today. The use of
parallel processing and superconductors is helping to
make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum
computation and molecular and nanotechnology will
radically change the face of computers in years to
come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to
develop devices that respond to natural language
input and are capable of learning and selforganization.
56