Avoiding Plagiarism and Maintaining Academic Integrity

by Marian Butler

OK

or not

OK?

• I changed a few key words from a quote and wrote it into my assignment with the author, page and date.

• I didn’t manage to complete the prac, so my friend lent me his/her results. • My house mate did the course last year and generously gave me his/her answers to tutorial problems.

• I didn’t have time to read all the sources I would have liked, so I included secondary sources as though they were primary sources. No one will ever know right?

How about these?

• My phone has ample storage for formulae and definitions – a great help in tests • We hid the books we needed in a corner of the library so that our group could find them, but other people had no idea where they were!

• My Aussie friend is fantastic, she just proof reads and edits my assignments as long as I get them to her in time!

Academic integrity is an issue when students: • • • • • • • • • Copy the work of authors Work together and submit the same work Copy another student’s work Buy, are given or steal essays & submit them Take notes into exams or have someone else sit it for you Make up references Hide library books or cut out pages or delete texts Lie about medical conditions to get extensions Have someone make major corrections to their assignments Zeegers et al (2008: 106)

Why all the fuss?

• University degrees are: – highly valued in the community – evidence of an ability to think at a high level: independently, creatively and critically – ‘passports’ to professions (to work in high risk, complex or sensitive situations)

Why all the fuss?

• A degree that is “ill gotten” means that the holder: – receives undeserved recognition – may not be able to engage in high level thinking – may have inadequate knowledge or skills – dangerous?

UNIVERSITIES TAKE ACADEMIC INTEGRITY VERY SERIOUSLY

UQ Policy: •

Ethical and honest behaviour and treatment underpin the University's relationship with its students and

preserve the value and quality of learning.

University Handbook of Policies and Procedures (2008)

Penalties include:

• • • • • • • Fail the piece of work Fail the subject Exclusion from the course Suspension from the school Withholding results Further work required Exclusion from the university (severe cases)

Maintaining ethical standards

• • • • • • Know what constitutes misconduct Don’t lend assignments, prac reports etc to people (even desperate, good friends) Start tasks when you get them Task analyse – chip away at them slowly semester planner?

Take study seriously – at least a full time job Ask if unsure Lending your work to the desperate can get you into as much trouble as the desperate!

UQ Policy

• All University community members responsibility for maintaining the academic standing of University of Queensland degrees.

share • Students work.

have a responsibility to maintain the highest standards of academic integrity in their Students must not cheat in examinations or other forms of assessment and must ensure that they do not plagiarise.

University Handbook of Policies and Procedures (2008)

Some links to consider…..

• 2/3 of teachers in a survey in the US attributed plagiarism to poor time management • There is a strong link between curricular life and a very active extra academic dishonesty entertainment like TV watching including team membership, socialising, and other forms of • One study found that students who are in class are theft on the job dishonest more likely to engage in fraud and when they enter the workplace!

What is plagiarism?

The University of Queensland definition: "Plagiarism is the act of misrepresenting as one's own original work the ideas, interpretations, words or creative works of another. These include published and unpublished documents, designs, music, sounds, images, photographs, computer codes and ideas gained through working in a group. These ideas, interpretations, words or works may be found in print and/or electronic media."

In brief you plagiarise when you:

• • Use another’s work and do not reference the source, for example: * * * * you copy summarise without referencing use/develop someone else’s idea without referencing it use experimental results without referencing Always acknowledge the source of your information

What do you think?

• Mosis referenced in the text each time he referred to an author’s ideas. Each time he wrote the ideas of an author, he was careful to change at least one or two words per sentence. He included all authors he had referred to in his reference list.

• His lecturer gave him zero on his assignment, claiming that he had plagiarised.

Guilty?

What do you think?

•

Marcia referenced all the direct quotes in her assignment, but did not reference the ideas she had taken from texts when she had written them in her own words.

•

Her lecturer was unimpressed.

mean lecturer or academic rigor?

What do you think?

• Fernando was delighted to see that an author he read had similar ideas to his own with regards to his assignment topic. He wrote the ideas in his own words, but did not reference them.

• The lecturer failed him because he did not reference sufficiently in his assignment.

Fair? or “killing” original thinking?

What do you think?

• A student study group discussed their prac results and came to exactly the same conclusions. While their results differed were identical. The students were accused of cheating.

slightly , their conclusions The lecturer doesn’t understand the value of group work or an example of cheating?

What do you think?

• Students were required to work as a group on an assignment. Some people did not make it to any group meetings and thus were not involved in the write up of the assignment (everyone else wrote parts of the essay). All group members’ names were on the assignment.

Fair?

Cheating?

But aren’t I supposed to use the ideas and results of other people in my writing?

• Yes, to develop a credible and informed opinion, you must build on and use the works of other people.

• The other important thing is that you “transform” the work of others so that you can say of your writing, “ that is my work, not just a summary of the work of others.”

Why Reference Sources?

• • • •

Credibility It shows your familiarity with the experts in the field Allows follow up Ethics and copyright

When paraphrasing an author’s work:

• Write without looking at the original • Use your own words and style of writing • Aim to keep the length similar or shorter • Capture the meaning of the original

Original Version

Students frequently overuse direct quotations in taking notes, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final research paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes (James,1976:46-47)

Example of ineffective paraphrasing

Students final often use too many quotations when they resulting in too many of them in the research copy should paper .

consist of In direct take notes, fact, probably only about 10% of the final directly quoted material to limit the .

source material while taking notes.

So it is important copied

Example of effective paraphrasing

Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources to help minimise the amount of quoted material in a research paper. James (1976) argues that students should aim for less than 10% of their final paper being direct quotations

How can I ensure I paraphrase correctly?

• At the note-taking stage, do not take long hand notes, or copy passages verbatim.

• Make a note of only the author’s basic point (no need to use full sentences) • Use your own language, you’re catching the idea not the phrase • Take note of reference details

How can you avoid plagiarism?

To avoid plagiarism, you must give credit whenever you: • • • • Quote from actual spoken or written words Use another person's ideas, opinions, or theories Make use of Paraphrase information that is not common knowledge another person's spoken or written words (UQ Library Homepage)

It can be unintentional when….

• • •

“I couldn’t think of a better way to explain it” Inadequately referencing multiple points from one author Inadequately referencing ideas from more than one author in one sentence or paragraph.

Referencing multiple points from one author:

• Use signal words & phrases to show that the points belong to the same the reader author: According to Jones (2007), working in teams has the following advantages and disadvantages .

The advantages include such things as ….

In contrast to these potential benefits, working in teams may result in disadvantages such as ….

According to Smith (2005), there are three main problems with this approach.

Firstly , it neglects, … Secondly , …. Finally , this approach may result in ….

More signal words

• • • • • Similar ideas similar lines - similarly, in the same way, along Different ideas – on the other hand, by contrast, alternative views suggest Results – therefore, consequently Lists – firstly, additionally, a further example Also pick up words used earlier and use pronouns (this, these, those..) to help link

How can you avoid plagiarism?

To avoid unintentional plagiarism: • • • • Use quotation marks around everything that comes directly from a text or article Try to summarise ideas and arguments in your own words - don't just rearrange a few words here and there Check that you have correctly paraphrased and acknowledged the original ideas Check your summary against the original text (

How to avoid plagiarism?

• Critique & comment on the authors you have read • Essential part of academic writing • Takes focus off simply explaining authors’ ideas • Is part of developing an argument or having a ‘voice’ • Advances knowledge

Which version shows more thought?

Sands (2006: 95) argues that music is a key feature of rituals for people across cultures.

Briggs (2004:12) agrees and claims that all rituals have certain musical features at their core.

Which version shows more thought?

Sands (2006:95) and Briggs (2004:12) argue that music is at the heart of ritual, however neither of these authors explain why music is essential, nor do they examine how different types of music might be used by different cultural groups.

Adopt a thinking not “cut & paste” approach to writing

• Cut and paste: – Which ‘quotes’ do I want to use?

– How many words do I need for that idea?

• Thinking approach: – What are the main issues I want to discuss?

– What is my thesis or controlling idea?

– What will I say in this paragraph and how will I link it to the thesis and topic?

Let’s look at example

ESSAY TOPIC “Plagiarism has now reached endemic proportions and should be punished by automatic exclusion”. Discuss.

Which shows more thought?

•

Plagiarism of printed material has been a problem for many years and has been punished in a variety of ways. Technology has made it easier for students to plagiarise than ever before. This essay will examine how common plagiarism is and what the best forms of punishment are.

Which shows more thought?

While it may be an exaggeration to suggest that there is currently an epidemic of plagiarism, there is little doubt that it is an important concern for educators and that there is an urgent need for it to be addressed, particularly in universities. Since the topic has received little research attention until recently, it is difficult to ascertain the extent to which plagiarism has increased, however it is important to note that the emphasis should rest on developing students’ skills rather than expulsion.

Conclusion • • • • • • •

Know what academic misconduct is Ask if unsure Don’t “be generous” with your work!

Reference ideas that aren’t yours Explain as much as you can in your own words – still reference the ideas Know about referencing conventions Maintain high standards of academic behaviour

Where to go for help

• Consult the University’s policy on academic integrity and plagiarism (HUPP 3.40.12) • Consult the Library – ask for or download their information sheet • Consult Learning Assistance in Student Services • If you are accused of plagiarism, consult the UQ Union web page under the Education Area to find out what to do

Tertiary Preparation Courses

•

Preparing for University Success

– Reading and note-taking – Study techniques – Getting the most out of lectures and tutorials – Study and time management at uni – Saturday, 28 February, 9.30 am – 1.00 pm •

Tertiary Writing Course

– Learn what lecturers are looking for in essays and reports at uni; and – How to be an effective and critical writer at the tertiary level.

– Saturday, 7 March, 9.30 am – 1.00 pm • Register at: www.uq.edu.au/student services/prepcourses