Post-colonial Crises and the End of the Cold War

Shah with US Pres. Carter

Iranian Revolution, 1979

► Many Muslims did not like the Shah (leader) of Iran because of his connections to the West and his new reforms, secular gov.’t ► Majority of Iranians were poor ► Fundamentalists viewed shah as a traitor to Islam Riots begin

Islamic Fundamentalism

► Movement to reorder government and society according to Islamic laws ► Islamists believe that Muslim countries have strayed from the path of true Islam economic development by following Western models of political and ► Violence

Ayatollah Khomeini

► In 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini overthrow the Shah , a Shi’ite Muslim, led a Revolution to ► Parliamentary Republic ► Set up a theocracy : govt. run by religious leaders with strict control

American Hostage Crisis

► During the Revolution, Radical Muslim Students seized the U.S Embassy and held 66 Americans hostage for 444 days .

► The hostage crisis severely damaged the US/Iran relationship Hostages

Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

► ► Hoped to take advantage of revolutionary chaos ► Iraq (Saddam Hussein -dictator) attacked Iran because of fear that the revolutionary government of Iran would incite Iraq’s Shi’ites to rebellion 500,000 dead on both sides. ► ► Iraq used chemical weapons Iran and Iraq agreed to a cease-fire

Afghanistan Conflict

► Soviets sent in army to install a communist regime ► Nine year conflict between Soviets and Afghan Soldiers ► US support Afghanistan with weapons and money

“It doesn’t matter if the cat is black or white, so long as it catches mice”

-Deng Xiaoping

Deng and Modernizing China’s Economy

Concept : Change China from a Command Economy to a Market Economy ► Command : Communism  Government decides ► Market : Capitalism  Consumers and producers decide

Effects

► ► ► 1. Agriculture   (+) Economic Prosperity for farmers (-) Some collective farms remain 2. Industry  (+) Overall, output has grown  Btw 1979 and 2005 foreign direct investment grew  (-) State Factories are inefficient 3 and 4. Science and Technology  (+) More foreign investment, trade, modernization  (-) Student protests, world criticism, growing foreign influence

Glasnost and Perestroika

► Movement towards progress, reform, openness (glasnost) in USSR under Gorbachev 1980s ► Perestroika (restructuring) ► Reforms led to collapse of communist gov.’ts ► 1989 ended unpopular war in Afghanistan

1

Polish demonstrators march in support of the democratic Solidarity movement.

Revolutions of 1989

► Poland May 1988 (Solidarity Movement Part II) ► Hungary May 1988 through Summer 1989 ► Czechoslovakia- Velvet Revolution ► Romania-violent ► Yugoslavia- TRAGIC

Fall of Berlin Wall

► Fall Nov. 9 th 1989 ► Paved way for Reunification of Germany 1990

USSR

► 15 separate republics-All want independence ► Boris Yeltsin -Republic of Russia ► Gorbachev’s power-largely gone ► Russian Republic pretty much took place of USSR

Fall of USSR: December 25 1991

► Ethnic unrest-Nationalism! ► Need for new governments http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4bWo49OoFo&feature=related

Yugoslavia

► ► ► ► ► Nationalism and Diversity Bosnia and Herzegovina declared its independence in 1992 Christian Bosnian Serbs used ethnic cleansing against Bosnian Muslims (40%) Atrocities and destruction U.S. intervened and brokered a settlement ‘95 ► ► ► 1999 Serbian province of Kosovo-Serbs and ethnic Albanians fought over control NATO forced withdrawal of Serbia from Kosovo

The Persian Gulf War

► ► ► ► ► ► In 1990 Iraq accused neighboring Kuwait of drilling into an Iraqi oil field and stealing oil Iraq attacked Kuwait U.S.-led coalition launched the Persian Gulf War - attacked the Iraqi forces in Kuwait In weeks, Kuwait was freed.

After the war  the UN continued its economic sanctions  insisted that Iraq destroy its chemical and biological weapons  Also to agree not to develop nuclear weapons. But Iraq failed to fully cooperate with UN weapons inspectors…paves way for 2003 Invasion

New Challenges

Terrorism and Islam

► Terrorism :  Uses violence to achieve a political or religious end ► ►  Quran does not allow the killing of innocents or suicide Terrorists believe they are jihadists: die in defense of religion, become martyrs Jihad :  “Striving or Struggling in the Way of God”

9/11

► Terrorists hijacked four passenger airplanes and crashed them into the WTC and the Pentagon ► The fourth crashed in rural PA ► Nearly 3,000 died ► Why?

 American influence in Middle East

Osama Bin Laden Al Qaeda Taliban in Afghanistan The USS against the United States Navy destroyer USS Cole

Cole

bombing was a suicide attack on October 12, 2000

War on Terror

► U.S. targeted al Qaeda and the Taliban ► Taliban -group that was governing Afghanistan according to strict interpretation of Islamic law ► 2001-U.S. forced Taliban out of Afghanistan ► Osama Bin Laden was shot and killed on May 2, 2011 by U.S. Navy Seals and CIA

The Iraq War-2003

► ► ► ► U.S. leaders worried that Hussein might have deadly weapons that he could give to terrorists Another U.S.-led coalition invaded Iraq , quickly forcing Hussein out of power.

American weapon inspectors a role in 9/11 failed to find stockpiles of biological or chemical weapons or evidence proving Hussein had Insurgency ensued

Statue of Saddam Hussein being toppled in Firdos Square after the US invasion of Iraq Saddam shortly after capture by American forces, and after being shaved to confirm his identity December 2003

Iraq Timeline

► ► ► ► 2004 Iraqis political power was transferred to the 2005 Iraqis voted in the country’s first multiparty election in 50 years and later approved a new constitution that would make Iraq an Islamic federal democracy November 5 th , 2006-Saddam Hussein was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death by hanging. (Dec. 30, 2006) All US Forces were mandated to withdraw from Iraqi territory by December 31, 2011 completed on December 18, 2011 under the agreement signed in 2008 by President Bush-