Transcript Folie 1

MED-CSP
MED-CSP
Concentrating Solar Power for the Mediterranean Region
WP1: Sustainability Goals
WP2: Renewable Energy Technologies
WP3: Renewable Energy Resources
WP4: Demand Side Analysis
WP5: Scenario & Market Strategies
WP6: Socio-Economical Impacts
WP7: Environmental Impacts
MED-CSP
Assessment of Renewable Electricity Potentials
The threshold for economic performance is defined by “Renewable Energy Performance Indicators” like e.g. the annual full load hours of Hydropower,
the Direct Normal Irradiation for CSP or Global Irradiation on a tilted surface for PV. Together with the specific investment cost, and other costing
parameters, those indicators define the cost of electricity.
Hydropower: Technical and economic potentials were taken from the literature. The annual full load hours of plants installed at present are used as
performance indicator. The map of gross hydropower potentials is only used for illustration.
Geothermal Power: A map of temperatures at 5000 m depth was taken to assess the areas with temperatures higher than 180°C as economic potential
for Hot Dry Rock technology. Conventional geothermal resources are only available to a small extend in Italy (already used) and Turkey (about 1 GW).
The technical HDR potential for lower temperatures was not assessed. For Europe, medium term geothermal power potentials given in the literature were
taken for cross-checking.
Biomass:
From the literature, agricultural residues, e.g. bagasse, which at present are mainly unused for power purposes were taken as reference. An electricity
conversion factor of 0.5 MWh/ton of biomass was assumed for the calculations. It was assumed that 80 % of this potential will be used in 2050.
Municipal waste was assessed from literature and from the growth of urban population. A municipal waste productivity of 0.35 ton/cap/year and a
conversion factor of 0.5 MWh/ton of municipal waste was assumed. 80 % of this potential is used until 2050.
Solid biomass potentials were assessed from a global map of biomass productivity in tons/ha/year and from the forest areas of each country. Only 40 %
of this potential is used until 2050. Results were cross-checked for plausibility with historical data from European countries. There will be a competition
with traditional fuel wood use. Annual full load hours are used as performance indicator.
Concentrating Solar Thermal Power (CSP): High resolution assessment of direct normal irradiation (year 2002) and of suitable sites using GIS and
satellite data. Until 2025, the potential is limited by industrial CSP production capacities. After 2025, demand becomes the limiting factor. Resources are
used only to a small extend in MENA. In Southern Europe most resources are concentrated in Spain, only minor resources in the rest of Southern Europe.
Performance indicator DNI. A threshold of 2000 kWh/m²/year is used for the economic potential.
Wind Energy: Wind power resources are given in the literature for European countries and for some MENA countries. For other countries, from the wind
map, electricity potentials were derived taken into account wind speed and areal restrictions. Areas with an annual production over 14 GWh/y were
considered as economic potential. Results were cross-checked for some countries that have made a national resource assessment. Annual full load
hours define the performance. They are derived from literature, from the World Wind Atlas and from the map. Potentials include onshore and offshore.
Wave and Tidal power potentials were taken from the literature. Performance Indicator are annual full load hours.
Photovoltaic: Photovoltaic applications are in principal unlimited. Using present growth rates and scenarios for very large PV systems and distributed
applications, PV potentials were assessed in a relatively subjective way. For EU states, literature gives mid term potentials for PV. Performance indicator
is the global irradiation on a surface tilted according to the latitude (map and meteonorm database). No economic threshold.
MED-CSP
Renewable Energy Resource Mapping
Biomass
Wind Energy
Geothermal Energy
Hydropower
Solar Energy
MED-CSP
Annual Global Irradiation on Surfaces Tilted South with Latitude
Angle in kWh/m²/year
Source:
ECMWF, ISET
MED-CSP
Annual Average Wind Speed at 80 m above ground level in m/s
Source:
ECMWF, ISET
MED-CSP
Temperature at 5000 m Depth for
Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Power Technology
Source: Bestec
MED-CSP
Biomass Productivity /Bazilevich 1994/
Forest Areas /USGS 2002/
MED-CSP
Summary of biomass electricity potentials from Agricultural and Municipal
Waste and Solid Biomass
MaxUse MaxUse MaxUse
Agr. Res. Wood Mun.Res.
Bahrain
Cyprus
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
UAE
Yemen
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Tunisia
Greece
Italy
Malta
Portugal
Spain
Turkey
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
40%
30%
40%
30%
30%
40%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
80%
2050
Max Agr.Res. Agr.Res. Forest
Prod.
TWh/y 1000 t/y TWh/y 1000 km² t/ha/y
0.22
0.00
1
0.47
0.14
1
4
23.69
914
0.46
73
2
8.60
0.00
8
2
2.23
0.00
1
11
1.60
0.00
1
1
0.85
0.00
1
0.83
0.00
11
1.08
0.00
11
0.15
0.00
1
9.89
0.00
15
1
4.66
0.00
5
1
0.69
0.00
3
0
9.06
0.00
4
6
21
12.07
0.00
5
15.27
1.53
3
3 060
1
4
1.72
0.00
1
30
14.26
0.20
5
408
5
3.17
0.00
5
11.84
1.50
36
5
86.36
10.00
100
14
0.16
0.06
1
26.61
3.00
37
12
111.05
9000
4.50
144
14
55.00
0.00
102
8
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Wood Mun.Waste Mun.Waste Mun.Waste Mun.Waste Mun.Waste Mun.Waste
TWh/y
TWh/y
TWh/y
TWh/y
TWh/y
TWh/y
TWh/y
0.00
0.11
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.20
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.12
0.13
0.13
7.30
7.44
9.33
11.46
13.03
14.69
15.94
0.80
2.74
3.59
4.66
5.87
6.85
7.80
0.55
0.97
1.18
1.35
1.49
1.60
1.68
0.05
0.69
0.90
1.09
1.28
1.43
1.55
0.00
0.38
0.51
0.62
0.72
0.79
0.85
0.00
0.55
0.64
0.72
0.77
0.81
0.83
0.00
0.35
0.49
0.64
0.79
0.94
1.08
0.00
0.09
0.11
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.15
0.75
3.34
4.60
5.81
7.00
8.18
9.14
0.25
1.49
2.02
2.66
3.30
3.89
4.41
0.00
0.43
0.53
0.61
0.66
0.69
0.69
1.20
0.78
1.28
2.20
3.63
5.49
7.86
5.25
3.02
3.90
4.79
5.54
6.27
6.82
0.15
5.06
6.36
8.17
10.38
11.95
13.59
0.20
0.80
0.99
1.17
1.31
1.43
1.52
7.50
2.83
3.68
4.52
5.28
6.01
6.55
1.25
1.09
1.32
1.53
1.69
1.84
1.92
9.00
1.15
1.21
1.28
1.32
1.34
1.34
70.00
6.74
6.83
6.89
6.86
6.65
6.36
0.03
0.06
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.07
22.20
1.13
1.32
1.37
1.39
1.43
1.41
100.80
5.53
5.78
5.88
5.91
5.89
5.75
40.80
7.86
9.53
11.05
12.39
13.50
14.20
MED-CSP
Gross Hydropower Potentials in EU-MENA
Potential in GWh/y
< 100
per 30 x 50 km Pixel
Source: Lehner, B., Czisch, G., Vassolo, S. (2005): The impact of global change on the hydropower potential of Europe: a
model-based analysis. Energy Policy, Vol. 33/7: 839-855 based on Alcamo et al. (2003), Döll et al. (2003)
MED-CSP
Annual Direct Normal Irradiation on Surfaces Tracking
continuously the Sun in kWh/m²/year
MED-CSP
Renewable Electricity Performance Indicators
Bahrain
Cyprus
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
UAE
Yemen
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Tunisia
Greece
Italy
Malta
Portugal
Spain
Turkey
Hydro
h/y
1000
1000
1351
2500
1429
1667
0
1681
0
0
0
1606
0
0
1000
4875
100
1232
1017
1334
2502
0
2589
1705
2762
Geo
°C
100
100
295
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
275
100
100
295
213
180
100
281
188
213
200
100
213
213
281
Bio
CSP
h/y kWh/m²/y
3500
2050
3500
2200
3500
2200
3500
2000
3500
2400
3500
2700
3500
2100
3500
2000
3500
2200
3500
2000
3500
2500
3500
2200
3500
2200
3500
2200
3500
2700
3500
2800
3500
2700
3500
2600
3500
2400
3500
2000
3500
2000
3500
2000
3500
2200
3500
2250
3500
2000
Wind
PV
h/y kWh/m²/y
1360
2160
1666
2100
1176
2010
1789
2050
1176
2320
1483
2310
1605
1900
1176
1920
2463
2050
1421
2140
1789
2130
1789
2360
1176
2120
1483
2250
1789
1970
3015
2450
1912
1940
2708
2000
1789
1980
2218
1730
1605
1800
1666
2150
2095
1910
2463
2000
2218
1900
Wa/Ti
h/y
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
4000
They define the economic
potential of each country
through the available areas
with this or better
performance, and the
electricity cost of the
average renewable electricity
plants.
Full Load
Hours per Year
Annual Global
Radiation on
Tilted Surface
Full Load Hours
per Year
Temperature at
5000 m Depth
The indicators define the
representative average
renewable electricity yield of
a typical facility in each
country.
Full Load
Hours per Year
Annual Direct
Normal
Irradiation
Full Load
Hours per Year
MED-CSP
Assessment of Land Resources
The land resources for the erection of renewable electricity generating systems are limited by a series of constraints. A geographical information system
was used to exclude sites with restrictions by land cover and land use (water bodies, river beds, swamps, agriculture, forests etc.), by geo-morphological
characteristics (salt pans, sand dunes etc.), by slope higher than 2.1 %, by protected or otherwise used areas (natural parks, airports, communities etc.).
Such restrictions where applied to concentrating solar power and wind power systems.
Population density was used to estimate restrictions with respect to the visibility and acceptance of wind parks (e.g. in tourist areas). There are practically
no restrictions for small PV systems, but for large ones approximately the same as for CSP. The assessment of hydropower schemes is state of the art
and was not investigated here. No extra areal restrictions where applied to biomass and geothermal plants, as their area coverage is intrinsically limited
by technology-inherent factors like the maximum distance for the access to biomass or the maximum geothermal energy density, respectively.
Assessment of Infrastructure Cost
The cost of connecting a power plant depends also on its distance to the existing infrastructure, especially roads and the electricity grid. For fossil plants,
fuels can be supplied by truck or pipeline. The infrastructure costs depend in first place on the location, only in second order on the size of the power
plant. Therefore, distances and infrastructure costs are very critical for small plants, and less critical for very large plants. Infrastructure costs where
calculated with 110,000 $/km for roads and 100,000 $/km for high voltage interconnections.
Expansion of renewable energy technologies will start with smaller units within the proximity of the existing electricity grid and slowly expand to larger
distances as the unit size of wind parks and CSP plants will increase. For very large renewable power export schemes, remote areas with very high
irradiance or wind speed will subsequently become economically attractive. Therefore, economic potentials are considered to be only limited by the
renewable energy performance indicators and not by infrastructure costs.
Access to Water
Thermo-electric power stations can use seawater, river water or air for cooling the power cycle, depending on the accessibility of those resources. Air
cooled plants can in principal be build everywhere, but water cooling might be cheaper if available. Inland CSP potentials were calculated with air cooled
systems only. CSP plants for combined seawater desalination will be placed on the shore. The areas for shore side CSP plants where assessed
separately for each country. They where limited to sites that are not more than 20 meters above sea level. The use of inland groundwater resources for
desalination and power plant cooling was neglected. However, there may be limited renewable water resources available for that purpose.
MED-CSP
Exclusion Areas for Concentrating Solar Thermal Power
Plants in Southern Europe and Maghreb Countries
MED-CSP
Exclusion Areas for Concentrating Solar Thermal Power
Plants in Western Asia and the Arabian Peninsula
MED-CSP
Infrastructure Cost of Interconnecting a Power Plant to the EuroMediterranean and Maghreb Electricity* and Road Grid
* includes planned
interconnections
MED-CSP
Infrastructure Cost of Interconnecting a Power Plant to the
Western Asian and Arabian Electricity* and Road Grid
* includes planned
interconnections
MED-CSP
Renewable Electricity Potentials in TWh/year
Bahrain
Cyprus
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
UAE
Yemen
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Tunisia
Greece
Italy
Malta
Portugal
Spain
Turkey
Total
Remarks:
Hydro
Tech.
Econ.
5.0
n.a.
24.0
1.0
88.0
48.0
90.0
67.0
44.0
7.0
n.a.
0.1
n.a.
n.a.
2.0
1.0
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
7.0
4.0
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
5.0
0.5
80.0
50.0
n.a.
n.a.
5.0
4.0
1.0
0.5
25.0
12.0
105.0
54.0
n.a.
n.a.
33.0
20.0
70.0
41.0
216.0
122.0
432
Geo
Tech.
Econ.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
11.3
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
70.9
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
107.0
n.a.
4.7
n.a.
25.7
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
10.0
n.a.
3.2
n.a.
4.7
n.a.
9.8
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
7.0
n.a.
9.4
n.a.
150.0
414
well documented
resource taken
from literature
from 5000 m
temperature map
considering
areas with
T>180°C as
economic
Bio
CSP
Tech.
Econ.
Tech.
Econ.
n.a.
0.2
36
33
n.a.
0.5
23
20
n.a.
23.7
>
20000
n.a.
8.6 30806
28647
n.a.
2.2
318
318
n.a.
1.6
6434
6429
n.a.
0.8
1525
1525
n.a.
0.8
19
14
n.a.
1.1 20611
19404
n.a.
0.1
823
792
n.a.
9.9 125260 124560
n.a.
4.7 10777
10210
n.a.
0.7
2078
1988
n.a.
9.1
5143
5100
n.a.
12.1 169440 168972
n.a.
15.3 73656
73656
n.a.
1.7 139600 139477
n.a.
14.3 20151
20146
n.a.
3.2
9815
9244
n.a.
11.8
44
4
n.a.
86.4
88
7
n.a.
0.2
2
2
n.a.
26.6
436
142
n.a.
111.1
1646
1278
n.a.
55.0
405
131
402
632099
from agricultural
(bagasse) and
municipal waste
and renewable
solid biomass
potentials
from DNI and
CSP site
mapping taking
sites with DNI >
2000 kWh/m²/y
as economic
for Iran, the CSP potentials are still rough estimates
Wind
Tech.
Econ.
n.a.
0.1
10.0
0.5
n.a.
8.0
300.0
10.0
22.0
0.5
109.0
2.0
n.a.
n.a.
9.0
0.2
44.0
8.0
n.a.
n.a.
300.0
20.0
98.0
12.0
n.a.
n.a.
8.0
3.0
7278
35.0
7650
90.0
5363
15.0
1188
25.0
50.0
8.0
136.0
15.0
223.0
60.0
n.a.
0.2
63.0
20.0
226.0
60.0
200.0
55.0
447
PV
Tech.
Econ.
n.a.
0.3
n.a.
0.2
n.a.
16.0
n.a.
6.8
n.a.
4.0
n.a.
4.5
n.a.
2.5
n.a.
1.5
n.a.
4.1
n.a.
1.0
n.a.
13.9
n.a.
8.5
n.a.
3.0
n.a.
25.8
n.a.
13.9
n.a.
36.0
n.a.
3.9
n.a.
17.0
n.a.
5.0
n.a.
4.0
n.a.
10.0
n.a.
0.1
n.a.
3.0
n.a.
5.0
n.a.
28.6
218
Wa/Ti
Tech.
Econ.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
0.2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4.0
n.a.
3.0
n.a.
0.1
n.a.
7.0
n.a.
13.0
n.a.
n.a.
27
from wind speed
and site mapping
taking sites with
a yield > 14
GWh/y and from
literature (EU)
No information
except for EU.
General PV
growth rates
used for
calculation
No information
except for EU
mid term
economic
potentials
MED-CSP
Exploitation Ratio of Renewable Electricity Potentials until 2050
Bahrain
Cyprus
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syria
UAE
Yemen
Algeria
Egypt
Libya
Morocco
Tunisia
Greece
Italy
Malta
Portugal
Spain
Turkey
Total
Hydro
n.a.
20.0%
56.3%
50.4%
50.1%
70.0%
n.a.
70.0%
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
81.3%
n.a.
n.a.
78.0%
63.7%
n.a.
68.0%
82.4%
50.7%
97.1%
n.a.
68.5%
87.7%
62.7%
66.8%
Geo
n.a.
n.a.
50.0%
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
50.0%
n.a.
n.a.
60.0%
50.0%
50.3%
n.a.
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
72.4%
n.a.
50.7%
50.0%
40.0%
49.5%
Bio
80.0%
63.0%
67.7%
76.3%
70.1%
78.8%
80.0%
80.0%
80.0%
80.0%
77.0%
77.9%
80.0%
74.7%
62.6%
79.6%
75.4%
59.0%
64.2%
49.6%
39.5%
72.4%
38.3%
34.6%
50.3%
48.5%
for Iran, the CSP potentials are still rough estimates
CSP
10.6%
4.5%
1.7%
0.7%
9.1%
0.6%
0.9%
85.7%
0.1%
0.4%
0.1%
1.1%
0.5%
5.0%
0.1%
0.5%
0.0%
0.7%
0.5%
87.5%
71.4%
21.1%
7.0%
2.0%
95.4%
0.3%
Wind
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
n.a.
50.0%
75.0%
n.a.
50.0%
50.0%
n.a.
50.0%
50.0%
75.0%
50.0%
75.0%
93.8%
71.1%
63.3%
50.0%
42.5%
75.0%
54.5%
63.7%
PV
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Wa/Ti
n.a.
50.0%
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
50.0%
n.a.
n.a.
MED-CSP
Country Analysis of CSP Potentials
The following section shows the CSP potentials for most countries analysed in the MED-CSP study.
The map shows Direct Normal Irradiance in kWh/m²/y on all areas that are not excluded from the land resource assessment.
One histogram shows how much electricity (TWh/y) can be generated in each class of Direct Normal Irradiance (kWh/m²/y). This defines the Technical
Potential and the CSP performance indicator of each country.
The second histogram shows the same but only for coastal areas not higher than 20 meters above sea level (a. s. l.). This defines the technical potential
for CSP plants with combined seawater desalination.
There is also a list of indicators that compares the existing CSP potentials with the demand figures of each country for the scenario described in WP 5:
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
defined by all non-excluded areas with a Direct Normal Irradiance higher than 1800 kWh/m²/y
defined by all non-excluded areas with a Direct Normal Irradiance higher than 2000 kWh/m²/y
according to the scenario described in WP 5
according to the scenario described in WP 5
according to the scenario described in WP 5
economic potential defined by all non-excluded areas with a DNI higher than 2000 kWh/m²/y and 20 m a. s. l.
power demand for desalination in TWh/y according to the scenario described in WP 5
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Morocco
6000
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
00
28
00
00
>
28
00
27
00
26
00
25
00
24
00
23
00
22
00
21
20
19
18
00
0
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Morocco
DNI [kWh/m²a]
00
28
00
00
>
28
00
27
00
26
00
25
00
24
00
23
00
22
00
21
00
20
19
00
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
18
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Coastal Potential - Morocco (20 m a. s. l.)
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
20151 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
20146 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
15 TWh/y
235 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
150 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
300 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
1.2 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Algeria
Technical Potential - Algeria
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
0
> 0
28
00
0
DNI [kWh/m²a]
50
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
40
30
20
10
00
28
00
00
>
28
27
00
26
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
00
0
18
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Coastal Potential - Algeria (20 m a. s. l.)
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential: 169440 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
Economic Potential: 168971 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
Power Demand 2000:
23 TWh/y
Power Demand 2050:
249 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
Tentative CSP 2050:
165 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
Coastal Potential:
57 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
Water Demand 2050:
2.8 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Tunisia
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
00
28
00
00
>
28
27
00
00
26
25
00
24
00
00
23
22
00
00
21
20
19
18
00
0
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Tunisia
DNI [kWh/m²a]
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
140
120
100
80
60
40
00
28
00
>
28
00
00
27
26
00
25
00
24
00
23
00
22
00
21
00
20
00
19
00
20
0
18
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Coastal Potential - Tunisia (20 m a. s. l.)
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
9815 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
9244 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
10 TWh/y
66 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
43 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
352 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
1 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Libya
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
00
>
28
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Libya
DNI [kWh/m²a]
500
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
0
> 0
28
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Coastal Potential - Libya (20 m a. s. l.)
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential:
139600 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
Economic Potential: 139470 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
Power Demand 2000:
19 TWh/y
Power Demand 2050:
44 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
Tentative CSP 2050:
22 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
Coastal Potential:
498 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
Water Demand 2050:
25 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Egypt
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
00
00
28
00
00
>
28
27
00
00
00
26
25
24
00
23
22
00
21
00
00
20
18
00
0
19
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Egypt
DNI [kWh/m²a]
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
0
> 0
28
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Coastal Potential - Egypt (20 m a. s. l.)
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
73656 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
73655 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
71 TWh/y
631 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
395 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
496 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
256 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Malta
00
28
00
>
28
00
27
00
26
00
25
00
00
24
23
00
00
22
21
00
20
19
18
00
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Malta
DNI [kWh/m²a]
0.35
0.30
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
00
>
28
00
28
00
27
00
26
00
25
00
24
00
23
00
22
00
21
00
20
00
19
00
0.05
0.00
18
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Coastal Potential - Malta (20 m a. s. l.)
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
2.3 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
1.9 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
1.8 TWh/y
2.3 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
0.4 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
0.3 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
< 1 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Portugal
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
0
> 0
28
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Portugal
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Coastal Potential - Portugal (20 m a. s. l.)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
0
> 0
28
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
436 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
142 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
42 TWh/y
51 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
10 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
7 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
< 1 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Spain
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
0
> 0
28
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Spain
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Coastal Potential - Spain (20 m a. s. l.)
20
15
10
5
0
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
0
> 0
28
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
25
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
1646 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
1278 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
213 TWh/y
213 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
25 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
73 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
3.4 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Italy
00
28
00
00
>
28
00
27
00
26
00
25
24
00
00
23
00
22
00
21
20
19
18
00
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Italy
DNI [kWh/m²a]
30
25
20
15
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
10
5
DNI [kWh/m²a]
00
28
00
>
28
00
27
00
00
26
25
00
24
00
00
23
22
00
21
00
00
20
19
00
0
18
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Coastal Potential - Italy (20 m a. s. l.)
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
88 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
5 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
299 TWh/y
256 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
5 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
3 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
1TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Greece
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
00
28
00
00
00
>
28
27
00
00
00
00
26
25
24
23
00
00
22
21
20
19
18
00
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Greece
DNI [kWh/m²a]
14
12
10
8
6
4
00
28
00
00
00
00
00
>
28
27
26
25
24
00
23
00
22
00
21
00
00
20
19
00
2
0
18
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Coastal Potential - Greece (20 m a. s. l.)
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
44 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
4 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
50 TWh/y
56 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
3.5 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
0 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
< 1TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Cyprus
10
8
6
4
2
00
28
00
00
>
28
27
00
00
26
00
25
24
00
00
23
00
22
21
00
20
19
18
00
0
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Cyprus
DNI [kWh/m²a]
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
00
28
00
>
28
00
27
00
26
00
25
00
24
00
23
00
22
00
21
00
20
00
19
00
0.5
0.0
18
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Coastal Potential - Cyprus (20 m a. s. l)
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
23 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
20 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
3.1 TWh/y
4.9 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
0.9 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
4.4 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
< 1 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Turkey
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
Coastal Potential - Turkey (20 m a. s. l.)
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
00
>
28
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
0
> 0
28
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Turkey
DNI [kWh/m²a]
405 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
131 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
121 TWh/y
425 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
125 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
12 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
< 1TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Israel
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
00
>
28
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential Israel
DNI [kWh/m²a]
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
0
> 0
28
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Coastal Potential - Israel (20 m a. s. l.)
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
3118 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
3112 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
42 TWh/y
57 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
22 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
1.5 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
2.7 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Jordan
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
00
28
00
00
>
28
27
00
00
26
00
00
25
24
00
23
22
00
00
21
20
19
18
00
0
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Jordan
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
6434 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
6429 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
7 TWh/y
50 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
40 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
0 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
3.5 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Lebanon
14
12
10
8
6
4
00
28
00
00
>
28
00
27
00
26
00
25
24
00
23
00
22
00
21
00
20
19
18
00
2
0
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Lebanon
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Coastal Potential - Lebanon
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
00
28
00
00
00
>
28
27
00
26
25
00
24
00
23
00
22
00
21
00
20
00
19
00
0.00
18
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
0.25
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
19 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
14 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
9 TWh/y
25 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
12 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
0.2 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
< 1 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Syria
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
10777 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
10210 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
23 TWh/y
166 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
117 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
0 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
42 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
0
> 0
28
00
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Syria
DNI [kWh/m²a]
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Iraq
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
Technical Potential - Iraq
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
>
2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Coast Potential - Iraq (20 m a. s. l.)
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
>
2800
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
30806 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
28647 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
31 TWh/y
257 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
190 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
61 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
13 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Bahrain
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - Bahrain
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
>
2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Coast Potential - Bahrain (20 m a. s. l.)
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
12
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
10
8
6
4
2
0
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
>
2800
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
36 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
33 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
5.8 TWh/y
6.9 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
3.5 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
21 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
1 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Qatar
Technical Potential - Qatar
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
>
2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Coast Potential - Qatar (20 m a. s. l.)
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
140
120
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
100
80
60
40
20
0
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
>
2800
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
823 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
792 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
9 TWh/y
5 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
2.8 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
324 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
1 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in UAE
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical Potential - United Arabian Emirates
1000
900
800
700
600
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
500
400
300
200
100
0
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
>
2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Coast Potential - United Arabian Emirates (20 m a. s. l.)
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
>
2800
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
2078 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
1988 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
36 TWh/y
24 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
10 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
538 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
8 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Kuwait
Technical Potential - Kuwait
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
>
2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Coast Potential - Kuwait (20 m a. s. l.)
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
70
69
68
67
66
65
64
63
62
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
>
2800
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
1525 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
1525 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
30 TWh/y
30 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
13 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
134 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
2.2 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Oman
Technical Potential - Oman
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
>
2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Coast Potential - Oman (20 m a. s. l.)
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
250
200
150
100
50
0
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
>
2800
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
20611 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
19404 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
8.5 TWh/y
35 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
22 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
497 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
6 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Potentials in Saudi Arabia
Technical Potential - Saudi Arabia
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
>
2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
Coast Potential - Saudi Arabia (20 m a. s. l.)
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
600
500
400
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
300
200
100
0
1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400 2500 2600 2700 2800
DNI [kWh/m²a]
>
2800
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
125260 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
124560 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
119 TWh/y
305 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
135 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
2055 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
99 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
MED-CSP
Solar Thermal Electricity Generating Potentials in Yemen
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
0
> 0
28
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
Technical CSP Potential - Yemen
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
Coastal CSP Potential - Yemen (< 20 m a. s. l.)
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
18
00
19
00
20
00
21
00
22
00
23
00
24
00
25
00
26
00
27
00
28
00
>
28
00
Electricity Potential [TWh/y]
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
140
DNI [kWh/m²/y]
Technical Potential:
Economic Potential:
Power Demand 2000:
Power Demand 2050:
Tentative CSP 2050:
Coastal Potential:
Water Demand 2050:
Sana‘a Project:
5143 TWh/y (DNI > 1800 kWh/m²/y)
5100 TWh/y (DNI > 2000 kWh/m²/y)
3 TWh/y
383 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
300 TWh/y (Scenario CG/HE)
390 TWh/y (< 20 m a. s. l.)
62 TWh/y (Power for Desalination)
10 TWh/y (Desalination & Pumping)