Transcript Exploring Earth Science - Tenafly Public Schools

Exploring Space
Chapter 22 Glencoe
P. Lobosco
Journal Entry
How did we get this picture of a galaxy ?
Section 1
Radiation from Space
• Objectives:
• Discuss the electromagnetic spectrum
• Identify the differences between refracting
and reflecting telescopes
• Analyze the differences between op0tical
and radio telescopes
Electromagnetic Waves
• The light and other energy leaving a star are
forms of radiation.
• Radiation is energy that transmitted form
one place to another by electromagnetic
waves. It can travel through both matter
and space.
• It has both magnetic and electrical
properties.
Electromagnetic Radiation
• Sound waves can’t
travel through space.
• When an astronaut
speaks from space, the
mechanical sound
waves are converted to
electromagnetic waves
and travel to Earth
where they are
converted back.
Electromagnetic Radiation
• Radio waves and visible light from the Sun
are two types of electromagnetic radiation.
• Other types include gamma rays, X rays,
ultraviolet waves, infrared waves and
microwaves. They all differ in their
frequencies.
• This arrangement is called the
electromagnetic spectrum.
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Speed of Light
• Although the various electromagnetic
waves differ in frequency, they all travel at
300,000 km/s in a vacuum. This is called
the speed of light.
• Radiation from stars in the universe can
take millions of years to reach the Earth.
• When the radiation reaches Earth, scientists
use it to learn about the star it came from.
Telescopes
• One tool used to study the electromagnetic
radiation is a telescope.
• Optical telescopes use light, a type of
electromagnetic radiation, to produce
magnified images of objects.
Optical Telescopes
• The optical was the first used by
astronomers.
• The two types of optical telescopes are
refracting and reflecting.
• The refracting telescope uses a series of
lenses. (Yerkes – 40 inches)
• The reflecting telescope uses a series of
mirrors. (Mount Palomar – 200 inches)
Reflecting Telescopes
• A reflecting telescope uses
a curved mirror to direct
light. Light from the
object passes through the
open end of the telescope
and strikes a concave
mirror. The light is
reflected off this mirror to
a focal point where it
makes an image.
Journal Entry #47
• What observations did Galileo make with
his telescope? Why were these discoveries
so important?
Galileo’s Obeservations
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Craters on the moon
Some of Jupiter’s moons
Phases of Venus
Sunspots on the sun
Rings of Saturn
Refracting Telescopes
• A refracting telescope
uses convex lenses, which
are curved outward like
the surface of a ball. Light
passes through a convex
objective lens and is bent
to form an image at the
focal point. The eyepiece
magnifies the image.
Using Optical Telescopes
• Most optical
telescopes are housed
in buildings called
observatories.
• They often have
dome-shaped roofs
that can be opened for
viewing.
The Hubble Space Telescope
• The Hubble Space
Telescope was launched in
1990 by the space shuttle
Discovery.
• After it was placed in
space, they discovered the
reflecting telescope was
not shaped correctly.
Repair of the Hubble
• In 1993 a team of
astronauts repaired the
Hubble by installing a
set of small mirrors
designed to correct the
images obtained by the
faulty mirror.
• It was serviced again
in 1997 and 1999.
Large Reflecting Telescopes
• The twin Keck
reflecting telescopes
have segmented
mirrors 10 m wide.
• In 2000, the largest
reflecting telescope,
the European Southern
Observatory in Chile
was built.
Active and Adaptive Optics
• With active optics, a computer corrects for
changes in temperature, mirror distortions,
and bad viewing conditions.
• Adaptive optics use a laser to probe the
atmosphere and relay information to a
computer about air turbulence. The
computer then adjusts the telescope’s mirror
to lessen the effect of air turbulence.
Radio Telescopes
• In most radio
telescopes a curved
metal dish gathers and
focuses radio waves
onto an antenna.
• The signal picked up
is fed into a computer
and an image is
produced.
Infrared and Ultraviolet
Telescopes
• Stars are the only objects in space that give off
visible light.
• All objects give off infrared or heat energy.
• Infrared telescopes must be carried out into space.
• IN 1983, IRAS was the first infrared telescope.
• Ultraviolet lights do not pass easily into Earth’s
atmosphere.
X-Ray Telescopes
• X-rays are another of electromagnetic
radiation given off by stars.
• Of all the forms of light in the
electromagnetic spectrum, X-rays are the
least able to pass through the Earth’s
atmosphere.
• X-ray telescopes must be sent into orbit
above the Earth. (Uhuru, 1970)
Space Telescopes
• The most famous space telescope is the
Hubble.
• It also houses several other kinds of
telescopes.
• In 1991, Hubble discovered the beginning
of a new solar system, Beta Pictoris.
Journal Entry
• How does a rocket move?
Early Space Missions
Section 2
• Objectives:
• Compare and contrast natural and artificial
satellites.
• Identify the differences between artificial
satellites and space probes.
• Explain the history of the race to the moon.
Konstantin Tsoilkovsky
• Konstantin Tsoilkovsky is
the father of rocketry.
Robert Goddard
• Robert Goddard built
the first liquid
propellant rocket.
Escape Velocity
• To break free of the Earth’s gravity and
enter orbit around the Earth, spacecraft must
travel at speeds greater than 11 km/s.
• This is known as escape velocity.
Rockets
• Rockets are engines
that have everything
they need for the
burning of fuel.
• They do not require air
to carry out the
process so they can
work in space.
Theory of Rocketry
• The Theory of Rocketry is based on
Newton’s Third Law of Motion: For every
action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
Movement in Space
• A spaceship will continue to move once in
space without fuel because there is no
external force, such as gravity or friction,
being applied to the spaceship.
• This is Newton’s First Law of Motion: An
object in motion will continue in motion
unless an external force is applied.
Rocket
• The simplest rocket is
made of a burning
chamber and nozzle.
• More complex rockets
have more than one
burning chamber.
Rocket Types
• There are two types of rockets. They use
different fuels.
• One type is the liquid-propellant rocket.
• The other is a solid-propellant rocket.
• Liquid propellants are better for space travel
because they can be shut down after they
are ignited and restarted. Solid-propellants
cannot.
Solid-Propellant Rocket
Launching
• Solid propellant rockets use a rubberlike
fuel that contains its own oxidizer. The
burning chamber of a rocket is a tube that
has a nozzle at one end. As the solidpropellant burns, hot gases exert pressure on
all inner surfaces of the tube. The tube
pushes back on the gas except at the nozzle
where gases escape. Thrust builds up and
the rocket move forward.
Liquid-Propellant Rockets
• Liquid-propellant rockets use a liquid fuel
and an oxidizer, such as liquid oxygen,
stored in separate tanks. To ignite the
rocket, the oxidizer is mixed with the liquid
fuel in the burning chamber. As the mixture
burns, forces are exerted and the rocket is
pushed forward.
Space Shuttle
• The space shuttle uses
both solid and liquid
propellants.
Journal Entry
• What is the difference between a space
probe and a satellite?
Satellites
• A satellite is any object that revolves around
another object.
• Artificial satellites are manmade.
• The moon is an example of a natural satellite.
Orbit
• An object in space will
travel in a straight line.
• Earth’s gravity pulls a
satellite. toward the
Earth.
• The result of traveling
forward while at the
same time being
pulled toward earth is
a curved path, an orbit.
Orbit
• The period of the orbit is the length of time
it takes for the satellite to revolve around
the earth.
• The distance between the Earth’s surface
and a satellite’s orbit is called orbital
altitude.
• The payload is the amount of mass of the
satellite that it carries.
Journal Entry
• What caused the space race of the 195060’s?
Space Race
• The space race began
in 1957 when the
former Soviet Union
used a rocket to send a
satellite into space. It
orbited 560 miles
above the earth.
• It had a diameter of 22
inches and weighed
184 pounds.
Sputnik
• Sputnik I was an
experiment to show that
artificial satellites could
be made and placed into
orbit around the Earth.
• Sputnik orbited Earth for
57 days before gravity
pulled it back and it
burned up.
Space Race
• The space race began when the Soviet
Union placed Sputnik into orbit.
• The U.S. and the Soviet Union were not on
friendly terms in the 1950’s and early
1960’s.
• If the USSR could place a satellite into
orbit, they would be able to bomb the
United States.
Space Race
• At first the Soviet Union was ahead of the
United States in space exploration, but the
United States would be the first and only
country ( to this day) to place humans on
the moon. There were six manned Apollo
flights that landed men (12 total) on the
moon.
Laika, First Dog in Space
• Laika (Russian:
Лайка, literally
meaning "Barker"; c.
1954 – November 3,
1957) was a Soviet
space dog that became
the first animal to orbit
the Earth and the first
orbital death.
Soviet Union Firsts
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1957: First intercontinental ballistic missile, the R-7 Semyorka
1957: First satellite, Sputnik 1
1957: First animal in Earth orbit, the dog Laika on Sputnik 2
1959: First rocket ignition in Earth orbit, first man-made object to
escape Earth's gravity, Luna 1
1959: First data communications, or telemetry, to and from outer
space, Luna 1.
1959: First man-made object to pass near the Moon, first man-made
object in Heliocentric orbit, Luna 1
1959: First probe to impact the Moon, Luna 2
1959: First images of the moon's far side, Luna 3
1960: First animals to safely return from Earth orbit, the dogs Belka
and Strelka on Sputnik 5.
Soviet Union Firsts
• 1961: First probe launched to Venus, Venera 1
• 1961: First person in space (International definition) and in Earth orbit,
Yuri Gagarin on Vostok 1, Vostok programme
• 1961: First person to spend over 24 hours in space Gherman Titov,
Vostok 2 (also first person to sleep in space).
• 1962: First dual manned spaceflight, Vostok 3 and Vostok 4
• 1962: First probe launched to Mars, Mars 1
• 1963: First woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, Vostok 6
• 1964: First multi-person crew (3), Voskhod 1
• 1965: First extra-vehicular activity (EVA), by Aleksei Leonov,
Voskhod 2
Soviet Union Firsts
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1965: First probe to hit another planet of the Solar system (Venus), Venera 3
1966: First probe to make a soft landing on and transmit from the surface of
the moon, Luna 9
1966: First probe in lunar orbit, Luna 10
1967: First unmanned rendezvous and docking, Cosmos 186/Cosmos 188.
(Until 2006, this had remained the only major space achievement that the US
had not duplicated.)
1969: First docking between two manned craft in Earth orbit and exchange of
crews, Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5
1970: First soil samples automatically extracted and returned to Earth from
another celestial body, Luna 16
1970: First robotic space rover, Lunokhod 1 on the Moon.
1970: First data received from the surface of another planet of the Solar system
(Venus), Venera 7
Soviet Union Firsts
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1971: First space station, Salyut 1
1971: First probe to orbit another planet (Mars)Mars 2
1971: First probe to reach surface and make soft landing on Mars, Mars 2
1975: First probe to orbit Venus, to make soft landing on Venus, first photos
from surface of Venus, Venera 9
1984: First woman to walk in space, Svetlana Savitskaya (Salyut 7 space
station)
1986: First crew to visit two separate space stations (Mir and Salyut 7)
1986: First probes to deploy robotic balloons into Venus atmosphere and to
return pictures of a comet during close flyby Vega 1, Vega 2
1986: First permanently manned space station, Mir, 1986–2001, with
permanent presence on board (1989–1999)
1987: First crew to spend over one year in space, Vladimir Titov and Musa
Manarov on board of Soyuz TM-4 - Mir
Project Mercury
• The goals of Project Mercury were to orbit
a piloted spacecraft around Earth and to
bring it back safely.
Ham the Chimp
• The first flight took place
on January 31, 1961. Ham
the chimp experienced 6.6
minutes of weightlessness
during the survived the 16
1/2 minute space flight in
his Mercury MR-2 space
capsule. He reached an
altitude of 157 miles and a
speed of 5857 mph.
First U. S. Astronauts to Orbit
• On May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard became the
first U. S. citizen in to orbit the Earth. His
flight was considered a suborbital flight.
• In 1962, John Glenn became the first U.S.
citizen to orbit the Earth.
Moon Quest
• In April 1961, Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet
cosmonaut, became the first human in
space when he orbited Earth.
• The U. S. Program to reach the moon began
with Project Mercury.
Mercury Seven
• Top: Alan Shepard,
Jr., Walter Schirra, Jr.,
John Glenn, Jr.
Bottom: Virgil "Gus"
Grissom, M. Scott
Carpenter, Donald
"Deke" Slayton, L.
Gordon Cooper, Jr.
Mercury Seven
• The Mercury Seven astronauts were selected by
NASA based on their performance on a series of
extremely difficult tests. After their selection, the
astronauts started their training. Their training
consisted of numerous mental and physical tests in
order to make certain they knew the details of the
mission and machinery, and to simulate the effects
of space flight on their bodies.
Project Gemini
• The goal of Project Gemini was to place
teams of astronauts into space. One Gemini
team met and connected with another
spacecraft in orbit.
• The Gemini spacecraft were launched by
the Titan II rocket.
Project Apollo
• The goal of Project
Apollo was to
successfully land
astronauts on the
moon.
• On July 20, 1969
Apollo 11 landed.
Robotic Probes
• A series of robotic probes were sent to the
moon to make sure a spacecraft could land.
• In 1966, the Surveyor land on the surface
proving that the Moon’s surface could
support the spacecraft and humans.
• The Lunar Orbiter took pictures of the
moon so NASA could determine the best
place to land.
Moon Landing
• Neil Armstrong was
the first human to step
on the moon. He
explored the moon
with Buzz Aldrin for
two hours.
• Michael Collins stayed
in orbit in the
Command Module.
Apollo 11 Crew
• Neil Armstrong
• Buzz Aldrin
• Michael Collins
Satellites
• Today thousands of satellites orbit the
Earth.
• Communication satellites transmit radio and
television programs to locations around the
world.
• Other satellites gather scientific
information.
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Weather Satellites
• Weather satellites
monitor weather
patterns.
• The Terra, launched in
1999, takes data on
carbon monoxide
concentrations,
reflected sunlight,
spring sea growth and
other data.
Types of Orbits
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Different Orbits are best for certain views.
Polar-weather
Geosynchronous- Communication satellites
Low Earth Orbit –International Space
Station
Altitude, Period and Tilt
• Period- The time it takes a satellite to orbit
the earth
• Low tilt - a satellite with a tilt of less than
90 degrees
• Altitude- the distance between Earth’s
surface and the satellite
Geosynchronous Orbit (GEO)
• A geosynchronous Satellite is a satellite
whose orbit on the Earth repeats regularly
over points on the Earth over time. If such a
satellite's orbit lies over the equator, the
orbit is circular, and its direction is the same
as the earth's then it is called a
geostationary satellite.
Polar Orbit (POES)
• A polar orbit is an orbit in which a satellite
passes above or nearly above both poles of
the body (usually a planet such as the Earth,
but possibly another body such as the Sun)
being orbited on each revolution. It
therefore has an inclination of (or very close
to) 90 degrees to the equator.
Low Earth Orbit
• A low Earth orbit
(LEO) is generally
defined as an orbit
within the locus
extending from the
Earth’s surface up to
an altitude of
2,000 km.
• Orbital decay is rapid.
Space Probes
• Space probes are also
carried into space by
rockets.
• A space probe is an
instrument that gathers
information and sends
it back to Earth.
• Space probes go into
space and do not
return.
Mariner 2
• Mariner 2 was
launched in 1962 and
traveled to Venus.
• It verified the high
temperatures in the
atmosphere on Venus.
Pioneer 10
• Pioneer 10, launched
in 1972 traveled
through the solar
system and exited.
• Communication was
lost in 2003.
Viking 1
• Some space probes
land on other planets.
• Viking I landed on
Mars in 1975.
• It mapped the surface
and looked for signs of
life.
Magellan
• In 1989, Magellan
returned to Venus to
map the surface.
• It also gathered
information on the
composition of the
atmosphere.
Voyager 2
• The Voyager 1 and 2
mission (1977)
included flybys of the
outer planets, Jupiter,
Saturn, Uranus and
They will transmit
information back to
Earth for another 20
years.
Galileo
• The Galileo space
probe arrived at
Jupiter in 1995 and
sent a smaller probe
into the atmosphere of
Jupiter which before
being crushed sent
back data.
Europa
• Galileo also sent back
images of Europa, one
of Jupiter’s 63 moons.
• Studies indicate that
an ocean of water may
exist under the surface
of Europa. A cracked
layer of ice makes up
the surface.
Europa
• The cracks in the
surface may be caused
by geologic activity
that heats the ocean.
• Since sunlight can
penetrate the cracks,
scientists believe life
may exist on Europa.
Io
• In 1999, Galileo came
within 300 km of Io,
another moon of
Jupiter, and took
pictures of a volcanic
vent named Loki,
which emits more
energy than all of the
volcanoes on Earth
combined.
Current and Future Space Missions
Section 3
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Objectives:
Discuss the benefits of the space shuttle.
Identify the usefulness of orbital stations.
Discuss future space missions.
Identify the application of space technology
to everyday life.
Journal Entry
• What are the advantages of the space shuttle
and orbital stations?
The Space Shuttle
• The space shuttle was
the first reusable
spacecraft.
• At launch, the space
shuttle stands on one
end and is connected
to an external liquid
fuel tank and two solid
fuel booster.
Space Shuttle
• When the shuttle
reaches an altitude of
45 km, the empty solid
fuel booster drop off
and parachute back to
earth. These are
recovered and used
again. The external
liquid tank separates
but is not recovered.
Work on Shuttle
• The shuttle begins to
orbit earth. The crew
of astronauts perform
scientific experiments
such as monitoring the
effect of space on a
human.
• It places satellites into
orbit with a
mechanical arm.
Space Shuttle
• The shuttle can also
launch or retrieve
satellites. The
satellites can be
returned to earth to be
repaired.
• After a mission is
complete the shuttle
returns to earth like an
airplane.
Space Stations
• The space shuttle is
too small for long term
living. A space station
has living quarters,
work and exercise
areas.
• In 1973, the United
States launched
Skylab.
Skylab
• Crews were able to
live and work on
Skylab for up to 84
days.
• In 1979 an abandoned
Skylab fell back to
earth and burned up in
the atmosphere.
Mir
• The Soviet cosmonaut
Dr. Valery Polyakov
spent 438 days in
space to study the
effects of long term
weightlessness.
Soyuz
• In 1995 American and
Russian crews began
to work together on
the Russian space
station, Mir. Dr.
Thargard was the first
U.S. astronaut to go
into space on the
Russian Soyuz.
International Space Station
• Crews from more than
15 nations work
together today on the
International Space
Station.
• The ISS was put
together was put
together as units were
transported to space in
80 separate missions.
Exploring Mars
• Two of the most successful missions recent
missions were the 1996 launchings of the
Mars Global Surveyor and the Mars
Pathfinder. The Pathfinder went to the
surface to look for signs of water.
• The Mars Odyssey began to map the surface
in 2002.
Mars Rovers
• Spirit and Opportunity (2003) were twin
rovers that explored the surface to analyze
rocks and soils.
• Phoenix lander arrived at Mars in 2008.
New Millennium Program
• NASA created the New Millennium
Program to develop advanced technology to
send a smart spacecraft into the solar
system.
• The smart spacecraft will be smaller and not
dependent on ground control.
Exploring the Moon
• The Lunar Prospector
spacecraft was sent to
the moon in 1998 to
search for water. It
found that water ice
might be present in the
craters at the moon’s
poles. At the end of its
one year mission, the
probe was crashed.
Cassini
In October 1997, NASA
launched the space probe
Cassini. It arrived at
Saturn in 2004. It also
placed a probe on the
Titan, one of Saturn’s
moons.
Next Generation Space
Technology
• The James Webb Space
Telescope, set to launch
in 2014, is part of the
Origins program. It will
study the evolution of
galaxies, the process of
star formation and the
production of elements
by stars.
Everyday Space Technology
• Many people have benefited from space
technology.
• Space medicine led to better ways to
diagnose and treat heart disease by using
pacemakers.
• A screening system helped doctors detect
and treat early eye problems.
• Cochlear implants help deaf people.
Everyday Space Technology
• Space technology can help catch criminals
and prevent accidents. A method devised to
sharpen images helps police read license
plate.
• Instruments used on emergency vehicles to
automatically change traffic lights was
originally created for spacecraft.
• Hand-held GPS systems came from the
space program.