Transcript Slide 1

The Creation of Israel
• Nationalism led to the creation of Israel
• Late 1800s Jewish nationalist movement of Zionism growing
• Jews calling for an independent state in ancient homeland
British Mandate of Palestine
• After World War I, League of
Nations gave Britain control over
Palestine, required Britain to make
preparations for Jewish homeland
• After World War II, Jewish leaders
in Palestine pressed British to
create Jewish state
End of British Mandate
• 1947, Britain announced it was
giving up control of mandate,
turning matter over to the UN
• UN proposed to partition, or divide,
Palestine into Jewish state and
Arab state with Jerusalem under
international control
Jewish leaders accepted the proposal, but Arabs did not. Despite Arab
objections, the UN passed a resolution supporting the partition as valid.
Independence and War
• As British pulled out of Palestine, David Ben-Gurion, other Jewish
leaders, declared birth of democratic State of Israel, May 14, 1948
• Ben-Gurion later became Israel’s first prime minister
• Day after Israel declared independence, armies from Arab countries
of Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Transjordan, Iraq invaded Israel, launching
first Arab-Israeli war
No Arab State
Gaza Strip, West Bank
• War lasted from May to December;
Arab armies soundly defeated
• Both Israel, neighboring Arab
countries seized, held land planned
for new Arab state
• Arab states negotiated cease-fire
agreements, but would not sign
permanent peace treaties
• One result: Arab state proposed by
UN did not come into existence
• Egypt controlled Gaza Strip,
Transjordan controlled territory
west of Jordan River known as
West Bank
Refugee Problems
Arab-Israeli war caused massive refugee
problems
• By end of fighting around 700,000 Palestinian Arabs had
become refugees
• Fled or expelled from areas that Israel took control of, as
well as from general war, chaos
• Jewish refugees fled Arab countries and resettled in
Israel
Summarize
What events led to the creation of Israel as
an independent state?
1947: Britain announced it was giving up
control of the mandate; UN proposed to
partition Palestine into a Jewish state and an
Arab state; 1948: Jewish leaders declared birth
of the State of Israel
Conflicts in the Middle East
Regional Issues
Over the last few decades, major conflicts have erupted in the Middle
East. Issues that have contributed to the conflicts include the presence
of huge oil reserves, the growth of Islamism, and the conflict between
Israel and its neighbors.
Oil in the Middle East
• About two-thirds of world’s known
oil reserved located in Middle East
• Reserves have been great source
of wealth for Saudi Arabia, Iran,
Iraq, Kuwait, other countries
• Most members of Organization of
Petroleum Exporting Countries
Oil Revenues
• OPEC attempts to regulate
production of oil exports to
maximize revenues
• Oil revenues allowed Middle East
governments to modernize
countries, promote industrialization,
economic, social development
However, oil has also been a source of conflict.
Importance of Oil
Oil as source of conflict in Middle East
•
Some governments have used oil revenues to build up
military, maintain power, threaten neighbors
•
Oil wealth has caused internal clashes within countries,
societies
•
Region’s strategic importance as source of oil has led
outside nations to become involved in Middle Eastern
affairs, politics
Growth of Islamism
Islamists
• Movement to reorder
government, society according
to Islamic laws
• Islamists believe Muslim
countries have strayed from
true Islam, followed Western
models of political, economic
development
Conflicts, Violence
• Egypt, Iran, Iraq have seen
growth of Islamism; has led to
conflicts within society,
government
• Some extremists have used
violence to bring about
changes, have attacked
regional governments, their
allies, innocent civilians
Conflicts with Israel
• 1948, Israel established; since then most Middle Eastern countries
have refused to recognize its right to exist
• Some countries have repeatedly attacked Israel, funded militant
groups that conduct raids, terrorist attacks against Israelis
Expansion of Israel
• Series of wars between Israel, neighbors has led to expansion of
Israel
• Israel controls more land now than in 1948 when created
• Result: many Palestinian Arabs live under Israeli control; another
source of tension, conflict in region
Summarize
What regional issues have led to conflicts in
the Middle East?
Answer(s): use of oil revenues; growth of
Islamism; conflicts with Israel
The Arab-Israeli Conflict
The Arab-Israeli conflict that began in 1948 has continued through the years.
In 1967 and again in 1973, war erupted. Six years after the 1973 war, Egypt
and Israel signed a peace agreement, but unrest among Palestinian Arabs in
Israel remained a major problem.
War in 1967, 1973
• 1967, Egypt
demanded UN
remove troops from
Gaza, Sinai
Peninsula
• Egyptian troops
moved into Sinai to
close off Gulf of
Aqaba, Israel’s route
to Red Sea
Israeli Attacks
Six-Day War
• Israel expected largescale Arab attack,
decided to strike first
• Launched air strikes
against Egypt, Syria,
Jordan; destroyed
most of airplanes on
ground
• Ground troops moved
in, defeated Arabs
• In Six-Day War Israel
took control of Golan
Heights, Sinai
Peninsula, Gaza
Strip, West Bank,
East Jerusalem
• Took control of land in
West Bank, Gaza
with large Palestinian
population
Egypt Strikes Back
Yom Kippur War
• Egypt, Syria determined to win territory back, launched Yom Kippur War,
surprise attack against Israel in 1973
• Took name from Jewish holy day when attack began
U.S. Support
• At first Arab troops made gains in war; Israeli’s government, led by Golda
Meir, not fully prepared for attack; needed military support from U.S.
• With support, Israeli forces regrouped, pushed back Egyptian, Syrian armies
Oil Embargo
• Both sides agreed to cease-fire after weeks of fighting
• During war, Arab members of OPEC declared oil embargo against countries
supporting Israel
• Price of oil around world rose dramatically as result of refusal to sell oil
A Peace Agreement
Until the late 1970s, no Arab nation had recognized Israel’s right to
exist.
Camp David
• 1977, Egyptian president
Anwar Sadat made
momentous declaration: Egypt
wanted peace with Israel
• U.S. president Jimmy Carter
invited Sadat, Israeli prime
minister Menachem Begin to
Camp David, presidential
retreat in Maryland
Peace Treaty
• 1978, Sadat, Begin reached
agreement known as Camp
David Accords
• Egypt recognized Israel; Israel
returned Sinai Peninsula to
Egypt
• Treaty ended 30 years hostility
between Egypt, Israel
Palestinian Unrest
• Egypt, Israel made peace; Palestinian Arabs continued struggle for
nationhood
• 1947 UN partition plan had called for two states in Palestine—a
Jewish state, an Arab state
• After 1948 Arab-Israeli war, land set aside for Arab state occupied by
Israel, Egypt, Jordan
Palestinian Nationalism
Palestinian Resentment
• 1964, Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO) formed
• In effort to stop attacks, Israel
invaded Lebanon, 1978 and 1982
• Pledged to destroy Israel, replace
with Palestinian state
• Tensions building also in West
Bank, Gaza where Israel had
begun building settlements
• 1969, Yasser Arafat became leader,
PLO launched guerilla attacks
against Israel
• 1987, Palestinian resentment
began rebellion called intifada
Tenuous Peace
Intifada
• Palestinian youths battled Israeli troops in widespread street violence
• Israel responded with military, police resistance; fighting continued to 1990s
• 1993, Arafat, Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin negotiated Oslo Accords
Oslo Accords
• Oslo Accords called for Palestinians to gradually gain control over governing
West Bank, Gaza
• Israel, PLO supposed to sign permanent peace agreement by 1998
Undermining Peace
• Extremists on both sides worked to undermine peace process
• Militant group Hamas launched suicide bombings in Israel
• 1995, Rabin assassinated; relations between Israeli, Palestinian leadership
soured
Continuing the Conflict
• 2000—second intifada began
• Palestinian youths joined by Palestinian security forces with guns
• Hamas sent suicide bombers into Israel to attack civilians
More Fighting
Hamas in Control
• Israelis countered by sending
troops backed by tanks, fighter jets,
helicopter gunships into cities in
West Bank, Gaza
• 2004, Israeli prime minister Ariel
Sharon withdrew Israel from Gaza,
parts of West Bank
• 2005, Gaza turned over to
Palestinians
• 2004, Arafat died, succeeded by
Mahmoud Abbas
• 2006, militant Hamas won control
of Palestinian parliament
Armed conflict also erupted when Israeli soldiers were kidnapped along borders
with Gaza and Lebanon. Israel launched air strikes to secure its borders.
Sequence
Describe the sequence of events in the
Arab-Israeli conflict.
Answer(s): 1967: Six-Day War; 1973: Yom Kippur
War; 1978: Camp David Accords; 1987: intifada;
1993: Oslo Accords; 2000: second intifada; 2005:
Israel withdraws from Gaza
Changes in Egypt and Iran
• Israel’s victory had effects throughout the Arab world.
• The victory discredited many of the region’s leaders, and young
nationalist leaders came to power in places such as Egypt and Iran.
A New Government
Farouk Discredited
• 1922, Egypt gained
formal independence
from Great Britain
• Egyptian King Farouk
I strongly pro-British,
seen as dependent
on Britain for power
• Many believed
corruption in palace,
parliament, army
contributed to defeat
• Egypt’s loss in first
Arab-Israeli war
discredited Farouk,
leaders of Egypt’s
parliament
• Gap between rich,
poor in post
independence
government also
angered many
Egyptians
• However British
troops occupied Suez
Canal Zone
• 1936 treaty allowed
Britain to defend
Egypt if attacked
Growing Anger
Nasser
• Out of dissatisfaction came 1952 military coup led by 34-year old
colonel Gamal Abdel Nasser; forced King Farouk out of power
• Nasser, followers abolished monarchy, created single government
party, undertook ambitious land reform program to gain support
among poor
Suez Crisis
• Nasser became most important figure in Arab world after
confrontation with Britain, France, Israel over Suez Canal
• Suez Crisis had roots in politics of the Cold War
• After Nasser came to power, refused to join Baghdad Pact, U.S.-led
alliance against communism in Middle East
Dealing Arms
Growing Crisis
• Nasser requested western countries sell him arms; they refused
• Turned to Soviet-controlled Czechoslovakia, signed arms deal
• U.S., Britain responded by refusing to loan Egypt money to build Aswan Dam
Nationalizing the Canal
• Nasser enraged that funding denied for building dam on Nile River
• Decided to nationalize, take control of, Suez Canal, which was owned by
international company controlled by Britain, France
Growing Hostility
• Nasser’s action celebrated as act of defiance by people in Arab world
• British, French outraged by seizure of property
• Hostility also growing between Egypt, Israel
Pan-Arabism
Attack on Egypt
• October 1956, Britain, France,
Israel launched coordinated
attack on Egypt
• Militarily defeated Egyptian
forces
• U.S. did not support actions,
which created tensions with
Soviet Union; pressured Britain,
France, Israel to withdraw,
which they did
Nasser Popular in Arab World
• Countries withdrew; Egypt left
in control of Suez Canal
• Suez Crisis had become great
victory for Nasser
• Nasser promoted PanArabism, or Arab unity
• Brought Egypt, Syria together
as United Arab Republic, but
Syria withdrew two years later
Conflict in Iran
When Mohammad Reza Pahlavi became shah of Iran in 1941,
British and Russian troops occupied parts of his country.
Conflict in Iran
Mosaddeq
• British-run company also
controlled Iran’s profitable oil
industry, kept most of profits
• 1951, Iranian parliament named
Mosaddeq prime minister, voted
to nationalize oil industry
• Iranian nationalists determined to
take control of country’s oil
resources, reduce power of shah,
establish constitutional monarchy
• Britain, U.S. called for boycott of
Iranian oil, preventing Iran from
selling much on world market
• Nationalists led by Mohammad
Mosaddeq, opponent of foreign
influence in Iran
• Mosaddeq worked to reduce
power of monarchy and placed
army forces under control of
government
Coups
Military Coup
• Many military officers upset with
reforms, joined coup to replace
Mosaddeq
Mosaddeq Overthrown
• Coup successful
• Mosaddeq overthrown, shah
returned to power
• Coup supported by U.S., Britain
Reforms
Reforms Opposed
• Shah began ambitious program
of reforms, including land and
literacy, women’s rights
• Shah continued to rule with iron
hand, secret police
• Iran’s industry, education,
health care improved
• Reforms opposed by
conservatives as moving away
from traditional Islamic values
Find the Main Idea
What changes occurred in Egypt and Iran,
and how were they related to nationalism?
Egypt—Nasser overthrew King Farouk, who
was seen as too pro-British; promoted PanArabism; Iran—nationalized oil industry; U.S.
and Britain supported overthrow of Shah
Mosaddeq, who had opposed foreign influence
Revolution in Iran
Different Kind of Conflict
• Different kind of conflict erupted
in Iran
• Revolution ousted shah,
Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
Society Changed
• By 1970s, Iran had changed
from traditional rural society
• Had become more
industrialized, urban society
Westernization of Iran
• Shah had close ties with
Western governments, oil
companies
• Iran westernized, foreign
influence grew
Islamists Opposed Shah
• Many Iranians felt threatened by
rapid change, others felt
betrayed by corrupt government
• Islamists opposed shah
because of ties to West
Rise of Khomeini
1978, Iranians began to protest against shah’s rule
• Protests inspired by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Shia
religious leader
• 1979, unable to calm unrest, shah fled Iran
• Iran became Islamic republic with Khomeini as leader,
during Iranian Revolution
Khomeini’s Reign
Khomeini’s Reign
American Hostages
• Under Khomeini, government
suppressed political opposition,
enforced strict social religious
values
• 1979, Iranian revolutionaries
seized U.S. embassy in Tehran,
took 66 Americans hostage
• Foreign policy strongly antiWestern, especially after shah
went to U.S. for medical
treatment
• Iranians demanded shah be
returned to Iran, stand trial
• Shah left U.S., but Iranians held
hostages until January, 1981
Sequence
What was the sequence of events that led to
the Iranian Revolution?
Answer(s): Protests began against the shah; the
shah fled Iran in 1979; Iran became an Islamic
republic with Khomeini as its leader
Conflict in Iraq
As Iran’s new government was dealing with the hostage crisis, it found
itself at war with its neighbor, Iraq.
Iran-Iraq War
• 1980, Iraq attacked Iran
because of border disputes
• Also Iran called for revolution
among Iraq’s Shiite population
• War long, costly; as many as
500,000 dead on both sides
• Iraq used chemical weapons
• 1988, both sides agreed to
cease-fire
Persian Gulf War
• After cease-fire, Saddam
Hussein continued to build up
Iraq’s military; already had
largest army in Arab world
• 1990, Iraq accused
neighboring Kuwait of drilling
into Iraqi oil field, stealing oil
• Hussein used this as excuse
to invade Kuwait
Sanctions
• In effort to end Iraqi occupation of Kuwait, UN passed economic
sanctions against Iraq; sanctions failed
• Result: U.S.-led coalition launched Persian Gulf War
• Attacked Iraqi forces in Kuwait; Kuwait freed within weeks
Weapons
• After war, UN continued economic sanctions, insisted Iraq destroy
chemical, biological weapons, agree not to develop nuclear weapons
• Inspectors had been sent to verify Iraq’s weapons had been
destroyed
• Iraq failed to fully cooperate with UN weapons inspectors
The Iraq War
• After attacks of September 11, 2001, some U.S. leaders believed
Saddam Hussein posed a greater threat to America than before
• Hussein might have deadly weapons he could give to terrorists
Weapons Inspections
• UN weapons inspections did not
find stockpiles of chemical,
biological, nuclear weapons
• Iraq again did not fully cooperate
• Some U.S. officials convinced
Hussein hiding weapons
Growing Insurgency
• 2003, another U.S.-led coalition
invaded Iraq, forcing Hussein out
• Efforts to restore peace thwarted
• Growing insurgency targeted
coalition forces, Iraqi allies,
innocent civilians
Insurgent attacks by different groups from both inside and outside Iraq
caused a greater number of casualties.
Coalition Government
Meanwhile, coalition worked to create new,
democratic government in Iraq
• 2004, power transferred to Iraqis
• 2005, Iraqis voted in country’s first multiparty election in
fifty years
– Later approved new constitution to make Iraq Islamic
federal democracy
• Continued violence, potential for civil war made country’s
future highly uncertain
Infer
What are the main problems Iraq has faced
in recent years?
Answer(s): wars, economic sanctions,
insurgency, potential for civil war