First Intermediate Period & Middle Kingdom

• Metjen: Dynasty 3 • Nomarch Henku : Dyn 5/6 • Ankhtifi • The stela of Mentuhotep, a self-made man of the 11th dynasty • The stela of Irtisen

The stela of Mentuhotep, a self-made man of the 11th dynasty

The stela of Irtisen

Historical Review

Egyptian Historical Overview, 1.

• • • • • Prehistory (Before Predynastic): – Paleolithic: c. 700,000-7,000BP (Epipaleolithic: c. 10,000 – 7,000 BP) – Neolithic: ‘Saharan Neolithic’ (Ian Shaw): c. 8,800-4,7000 BC Predynastic: c.5,300 – 3,000 BC. Lower Egyptian: ~5,300-4,000BC - Merimde Beni Salame, Fayum. Upper Egyptian: 4,400-3,000 – Badarian, Naqada I, II & III. Ends with Dynasty 0.

Archaic Period/Early Dynastic Period: 3,000-____ . (3,100-2705BC - Oriental Institute Museum) Dynasties 1-2.

Old Kingdom: (2705BC-2,250 - Oriental Institute Museum). Dynasties 3-6.

1st Intermediate Period: (2,250-2,134BC - Oriental Institute Museum). Dynasties 7-10

Egyptian Historical Overview, 2.

• • • • • • • • • Middle Kingdom: (2,134BC-1,675 - Oriental Institute Museum). Dynasties 11-13.

2nd Intermediate Period: (1,675BC - Oriental Institute Museum). Dynasties 14-17 New Kingdom: (1,550-1070BC - Oriental Institute Museum). Dynasties 18-20 3rd Intermediate Period: (1070-664BC - Oriental Institute Museum): Dynasty 25 (Nubian) Late Period: (664-332BC - Oriental Institute Museum) Dynasties 26-31.

» Dynasty 26: Native Egyptian. » » » Dynasty 27: Persian Rule Dynasties 28-30: Egyptian. Dynasty 30 – last native Egyptian rule of Egypt Dynasty 31: Persian rule Ptolemaic Period: (332BC-30BC - Oriental Institute Museum). 332 Alexander the Great invades Egypt and drives out the Persians Roman Period: (30BC-4th century AD - Oriental Institute Museum).

Byzantine (Coptic) Period: (4th century AD – 7th century AD - Oriental Institute Museum). Last dated hieroglyphic Inscription: AD. 394.

Islamic invasion: AD641

Mesopotamian Historical Overview. Acc. to Oriental Institute Museum • • • Prehistory: – Paleolithic (Upper, Middle to Lower): 2,500,000-100,000BC (Oriental Institute Museum) – – Epipaleolithic: 14,000-9,000BC Prepottery Neolithic: 9,000-7,000BC Neolithic through cities c.6,000-4,000BC  “From Villages to Cities”: – – – – – – Samarra: c. 6,100-5,500BC Hassuna: c. 6,200-5,700 Halaf: c. 5,600-5,000 Ubaid 0-1: c. 5,800-5,200 Ubaid 2: c. 5,200-4,900 Ubaid 3-4: c. 4,900-4,000 “Urban Explosion”: c. 3,500-2,900BC Uruk and Jamdat Nasr Periods

Mesopotamian, 2.

• • • • • • • • • • “City-States” (Early Dynastic): 2,900-2,330BC Akkadian Empire/Akkadian Period: c.2,330BC-2,150BC “Sumerian Revival” (UrIII Period): 2,100-2,000BC “Rival Kingdoms” (Isin/Larsa/Old Babylonian / Old Assyrian): c. 2,000 1,600.

Babylonian Decline: c. 1,600-1,400 “An international Age” (Kassite, Mitanni and Middle Assyrian): 1,500 1,150 Period of Decline: c. 1,200-900BC – – – The Last Empires (NeoAssyrian/NeoBabylonian): 900BC-539BC After the Fall of Babylon (Achaemenids, Alexander and Seleucids): c. 539-141BC Cyrus the Great (Persian) conquers: 539BC Alexander the Great (Macedonian Greek) conquers: 331BC Empire of Alexander divided: 323BC Pathians, Sasanians & Advent of Islam: 141BC-AD637

c. 8,000 c. 7,000 c. 6,000 c. 5,000 c. 4,000 c. 3,000 BC Egypt Mesopotamia Hassuna: c. 6,200 5.700 Samarra: c. 6,100 5,550 Halaf: c. 5,600 5,000 Ubaid c. 5,800 4,000: Badarian c. 4, 400 4,000 Naqada I Naqada II Naqada III 4,000-3,500 3,500-3,200 Uruk and Jamdet Nasr: 3,200 3,100/3,000 c. 3,500-2,900 Dynasty 0/Unification: c.3,000 Early Dynastic: c. 3,100/3,000-2,705 Old Kingdom: 2,705-2,250 Early Dynastic Period: 2,900-2,330BC 1 st IP: c. 2,250-2,134BC Akkadian Empire: c. 2,330-2,150BC Sumerian Revival (UR III): c.2,150-2,000BC. c. 2,000BC Middle Kingdom: c. 2,134-1,675BC 1,000BC a

EGYPTIAN RELIGION:

Creation, the Gods and the Afterlife

Terms

(Thanks to

Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary

, 1975) • Egyptology: The study of Ancient Egypt • Goddess: n. A female god • Deity/deities (pl): n. A god or goddess • Polytheism: n. Belief in or worship of more than one god • Henotheism: n. Worship of one god without denying existence of other gods • Transcendent: (3) adj. lying beyond the limits of the universe or material existence

The Creation

• MANY many different versions

Book of Amduat

Step Pyramid of Djoser

The Egyptian Blue Lotus

Botanical Classification:

Nymphaea caerulea

Creator God Emerging from Lotus

Seth Slaying Apophis

Two Gods Depicted as Rams

Re With Ram Head Amun as Ram

Multiple Forms of Hathor

Hathor with Cow ears Humanoid Hathor Hathor As Cow

Two Feline Associated Deities

Bastet as Cat-headed Woman Bastet as Cat Sekhmet as Lion-Headed Woman

The Pyramids at Giza

Mummy in Mummy Case

The Weighing of the Heart

Offering Scene

Offering Bearer Figure

Carrying Loaves of Bread (?) and a Goose

Funerary Model of Estate and Workers

Shabtis

“Scenes of Daily Life”

Partial Bibliography • Baines, J. and J. Málek.

Atlas of Ancient Egypt

• Faulkner, R. O. • Frankfort, H. . Facts on File, New York, New York, 1980.

The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts

Oxford, New York, 1969 . Oxford University Press,

Ancient Egyptian Religion

. Harper Torchbooks, new York, New York, 1961 • Hornung, E.

Conceptions of God in Ancient Egypt: The One and the Many

• Morenz, S. . Trans. John Baines. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1982.

Egyptian Religion

. Trans. Ann E. Keep. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, N.Y., 1973 • Oakes, L. and L. Gahlin.

Ancient Egypt: An Illustrated Reference to the myths, Religions, Pyramids and Temple of the Land of the Pharaohs.

Barnes & Noble Books, Singapore, 2003 • Sauneron, S. and J. Yoyotte.

La naissance du monde

1959 • Schulz, R. and Matthias Seidel, eds.

of the Pharaohs

Cologne, 1998 • Shafer, B. E., ed.

and Personal Practice

York, 1991 . Sources Orientales 1, Paris,

Egypt: The World

.Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft mbH,

Religion in Ancient Egypt: Gods, Myths

. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New