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Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
ICTT19
19th International Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Wigner approach to a new two-band
envelope function model for quantum transport
Omar Morandi
Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni
[email protected]
Giovanni Frosali
Dipartimento di Matematica Applicata “G.Sansone”
[email protected]
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 1 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Plain of the talk
• Description of the model
• Multiband (MEF) model
• Multiband-Wigner picture
• Mathematical problem
• Mathematical setting
• Well posedness of the Multiband-Wigner system
• Numerical applications
• Description of the numerical algorithm
• Application to IRTD
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 2 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Problem setting: unperturbed system
• Homogeneous periodic crystal lattice:
d
i
( x) H 0 x
dt
H0
2
2m0
2 Vper ( x)
• Time-dependent evolution semigroup:
( x, t0 ) n (k , x)
i
( x, t ) e
H0
t
( x, t0 )
i
( x, t ) e
En ( k )
t
n (k , x)
No interband transition are possible if ( x, t0 ) is a Bloch function
H0 n (k , x) Ek n (k , x)
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 3 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Multiband models: derivation
Wannier envelope function
1
2
Bloch envelope function
wn x Ri n Ri
n
Ri
Wannier function
1
ik x Ri
wn x Ri
u
k
,
x
e
dk
n
2
• Non Homogeneous lattices
1
ikx
k
u
k
,
x
e
dk
n n
2
Bloch function
n Ri is the (cell. averaged) probability to find the electron
2
in the site R and into n-th band
i
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 4 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Multiband models: derivation
Wannier envelope function
In literature are proposed different approximations of un k , x
• We loose the simple interpretation of the envelope function
1
2
w x R R
n
n
i
n
i
Ri
“kp” methods
Wannier function
1
ik x Ri
Kane
Bloch
wn x Ri
u
k
,
x
e
dk
u
u
n
n,k
n,0
Kane
2
un k , x High oscillating behaviour
Bloch
u
n,k
unL,k K unBloch
L-K
,0
The direct use of Wannier basis is a difficult
task!!
k
k
k 0
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 5 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
MEF model: derivation
Wannier function
1
2
Bloch function
wn x Ri n Ri
n
Ri
1
n Ri
2
1
ikx
k
u
k
,
x
e
dk
n n
2
n k eikR dk
i
FBZ
Our approach
To get our multiband model in Wannier basis:
We recover un approximate set of equation for n k in the Bloch basis
(momentum space)
• We Fourier transform the equations obtained (coordinate space)
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 6 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
MEF model characteristics:
Hierarchy of “kp” multiband effective mass models,
where the asimptotic parmeter is the “quasi-momentum” of the electron
• Direct physical meaning of the envelope function
• Easy approximation (cut off on the index band)
• Highlight the action of the electric field in the interband transition phenomena
• Easy implementation: Wigner and quantum-hydrodynamic formalism
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 7 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
MEF model: derivation
H0 Uext | E |
ikx
|
n
,
k
u
(
k
,
x
)
e
First approximation:
n
ˆ k k ' u | u
n
,
k
|
U
|
n
,
k
U
ext n, k | U
n,k n ',k '
( E En )next
(k ) dk
ext | n , k n ' (k ') 0
un ,k | un ',k '
n
u (k , x)u
n
n'
(k ', x)dx
| un,k un (k , x)
cell
By exploiting the periodicity of
potentials
un (k , x)
and for slow varying external
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 8 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
MEF model: formal derivation
un ,k | un ',k '
Evaluation of matrix elements
u (k , x)u
n
n'
(k ', x)dx
cell
un,k | un ',k '
k k'
Pn,n ' (k,k')
m0 En,n ' (k,k')
Pn,n k , k ' 2
u ( k , x ) u
n
x n'
(k ', x)dx
Kane momentum matrix
cell
En,n ' (k , k ) En (k ) En ' (k ')
2
2m0
k
2
k2
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 9 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
MEF model: derivation
( E En )n (k ) dk n, k | Uext | n, k n ' (k ') 0
n
En (k ) En (k )n (k ) Uˆ (k k ')n (k ')dk
k k' ˆ
i
U (k k ')Pn,n ' (k,k')n ' (k ')dk
m0 n n En,n '
2
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 10 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
MEF model: derivation
• Our aim: simplify the above equation.
“Interband term”:
2
k k'
ˆ P (k,k') dk i
i
U
n,n '
n
m0 nn En,n ' k , k '
m0
2
k k' ˆ
U Pn,n ' (0,0)n 'dk
n n En , n '
*
2
Pn,n ' (0,0) Second approximation:
M
n,n '
ˆ
ˆ dk
We
retain
only
the
first
i
k
'
k
k
'
U
d
k
ik
k
k
'
U
n
'
n'
m0 n n En,n ' (0,0)
m0 n n En,n ' (0,0)
order term
2
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 11 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
MEF model: derivation
( E En )n (k ) dk n, k | Uext | n, k n ' (k ') 0
n
Approximate system
En (k ) En (k )n (k ) Uˆ (k k ')n ' (k ')dk
i
Fk
k k' ˆ
U Pn,n ' (0,0)n 'dk
m0 n n En,n '
2
We write it in coordinate space
n x = Fk n
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 12 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
MEF model: first order
2
1
*
i
2mc
t
2
i
2
*
t
2mv
2
2 1
P U
E
U
2
c 1
2
x
m0 Eg x
2
2 2
P U
E
U
1
v 2
2
x
m0 Eg x
Physical meaning of the envelope function:
| n dx n ( Ri )
2
|n
Ri cell
The quantity i x represents the mean probability density to
find the electron into n-th band, in a lattice cell.
2
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 13 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
MEF model: first order
2
1
*
i
2mc
t
2
i
2
*
t
2mv
2
2 1
P U
E
U
2
c 1
2
x
m0 Eg x
2
2 2
P U
E
U
1
v 2
2
x
m0 Eg x
Effective mass dynamics:
• intraband dynamic
Zero external electric field: exact
electron dynamic
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 14 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
MEF model: first order
2
1
*
i
2mc
t
2
i
2
*
t
2mv
2
2 1
P U
E
U
2
c 1
2
x
m0 Eg x
2
2 2
P U
E
U
1
v 2
2
x
m0 Eg x
Coupling terms:
• intraband dynamic
• interband dynamic
first order contribution of
T (n n, k k )
transition rate of Fermi Golden rule
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 15 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Kane model
2
2
1Kane
2 1Kane
2Kane
Kane
Vc 1
P
i
2
t
2m0 x
m0
x
Kane
2 Kane
Kane
2
2
Kane
i
2
2
1
V
P
v 2
t
2m0 x 2
m0
x
Problems in the practical use of the Kane model:
• Strong coupling between envelope function related
to different band index, even if the external field is null
• Poor physical interpretation n( x )
Kane
i
x
2
i
• Critical choice in the cut off for the band index
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 16 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Wigner picture:
1
ip
f x, p
x
/
2
m
x
/
2
m
e
d
2
Wigner function:
Phase plane representation: f x, p pseudo probability function
Classical limit
0
Wigner equation
Liouville equation
Moments of Wigner function:
x n x f x, p dp
2
m
J x p f x, p dp
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 17 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Wigner picture:
1 ,.., n
t
n
n-th band component
General Schrödinger-like model
matrix of operator
d
i
H
dt
Density matrix
1 x 1 y
x, y
n 1
1 n
n n
d
i
H, H x H y
dt
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 18 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Wigner picture:
Multiband Wigner function
fij x, p W
1
ip
x
/
2
m
,
x
/
2
m
e
d
ij
2
Evolution equation
df
i
W H x H y W -1 f
dt
Introduced by Borgioli, Frosali, Zweifel [1]
• Well-posedness of the two band Kane-Wigner System
[1] G. Borgioli, G. Frosali and P. Zweifel, Wigner approach to the two-band Kane
model for a tunneling diode, Transp. Teor.Stat. Phys. 32 3, 347-366 (2003).
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 19 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Wigner picture:
Multiband Wigner function
fij x, p W
1
ip
x
/
2
m
,
x
/
2
m
e
d
ij
2
Evolution equation
Two band
MEF model
df
i
W H x H y W -1 f
dt
2
2
* 2 Ec U
2mc x
H=
2
P U
m0 Eg x
2
2
Ev U
*
2
2mv x
P U
m0 Eg x
2
Two band Wigner model
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 20 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Wigner picture:
Two band Wigner model
f cc
p
f cc icc f cc
*
m
t
f
p
vv
f vv ivv f vv
*
m
t
f
cv i * i p 2 f cv icv f cv
t
4m
i
2
P
f cv
m0 Eg
2
P
f cv
m0 Eg
P
f cc f vv
m0 Eg
Moments of the multiband Wigner function:
f x, p dp
ii
fii x, p dp i x
2
represents the mean probability density to find the
electron into n-th band, in a lattice cell.
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 21 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Wigner picture:
Two band Wigner model
f cc
p
f cc icc f cc
*
m
t
f
p
vv
f vv ivv f vv
*
m
t
f
cv i * i p 2 f cv icv f cv
t
4m
i
2
P
f cv
m0 Eg
2
P
f cv
m0 Eg
P
f cc f vv
m0 Eg
F p ij f ij Vi x / 2m V j x / 2m F p 1 f ij
F p f ij V x / 2m F p -1 f ij
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 22 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Wigner picture:
Two band Wigner model
f cc
p
f cc icc f cc
*
m
t
f
p
vv
f vv ivv f vv
*
m
t
f
cv i * i p 2 f cv icv f cv
t
4m
i
2
P
f cv
m0 Eg
2
P
f cv
m0 Eg
P
f cc f vv
m0 Eg
fii x, v W ii
• intraband dynamic: zero coupling if the external potential is null
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 23 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Wigner picture:
Two band Wigner model
f cc
p
f cc icc f cc
*
m
t
f
p
vv
f vv ivv f vv
*
m
t
f
cv i * i p 2 f cv icv f cv
t
4m
i
2
P
f cv
m0 Eg
2
P
f cv
m0 Eg
P
f cc f vv
m0 Eg
fii x, v W ii
• intraband dynamic: zero coupling if the external potential is null
• interband dynamic: coupling like G-R via fcv x, p
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 24 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Mathematical setting
x, p
1 D problem:
2
Hilbert space: H
X1 X1 X1
Weighted spaces:
X1
f : f L2
2
f , g H fi , gi X
i
; 1 p 2 dx dp
f,g H
1
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 25 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Mathematical setting
2,
If the external potential Uext W ( x )
the two band Wigner system admits a unique solution f
df
i Af B C f
dt
f (0) f0
H
f f cc , f vv , f cv
T
f0 D A H
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 26 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Mathematical setting
2,
If the external potential Uext W ( x )
the two band Wigner system admits a unique solution f
df
i Af B C f
dt
f (0) f0
H
f f cc , f vv , f cv
T
Stone theorem
p
p
2 1 2
A diag i * , i * , * 2 p
m x m x 4m x
Unbounded operator
e
iAt
unitary semigroup on
H
f1 f 2 2 f3
D( A) f H : ,
, 2 X1
x x x
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 27 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Mathematical setting
2,
If the external potential Uext W ( x )
the two band Wigner system admits a unique solution f
df
i Af B C f
dt
f (0) f0
B diag cc ,vv ,cv
H
f f cc , f vv , f cv
T
0
P
C
0
m0 Eg
i
2
2
0
0
i
0
F p ij f ij Vi x / 2m V j x / 2m F p 1 f ij
F p f ij U x / 2m F p -1 f ij
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 28 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Mathematical setting
2,
If the external potential Uext W ( x )
the two band Wigner system admits a unique solution f
df
i Af B C f
dt
f (0) f0
B diag cc ,vv ,cv
H
f f cc , f vv , f cv
T
0
P
C
0
m0 Eg
i
2
2
0
0
Symmetric bounded
operators
ij fij
X
c U ext
B, C B H
fij
X
c U ext
i
W 1, (
fij
x)
W 2, (
x)
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
0
X
fij
X
n. 29 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Mathematical setting
2,
If the external potential Uext W ( x )
the two band Wigner system admits a unique solution f
df
i Af B C f
dt
f (0) f0
The operator
A B C
The unique solution of (1) is
H
f f cc , f vv , f cv
T
generate semigroup
f ei A BC t f0
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 30 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Numerical implementation: splitting scheme
f e
i A+B+C t
f0
Uniform mesh
xi i x
Linear evolution semigroup
p j j p
fi , j
fi, j = f ( xi , p j )
i A+B+C t
e
is a three element vector
i A+B +C t
e
f ( xi , p j )
n
fij t n t
Discrete operator
i A+ B +C t
e
iA
e
t
2
e
iBt iA t iC t
2
e
e
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 31 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Numerical implementation: splitting scheme
i A+ B +C t
e
e
iA
t
2
iA
e
t iBt
2
e
e
iA
t
iA
-1
2 ˆ
fij F x e fij
t iC t
2
e
fˆij F x f ij
f.f.t.
pj
pj
1
A diag i * 2 , i * 2 , * 2 p 2
m
4m
m
Approximate solution of
df
Af
i
dt
f (0) f0
p
p
2 1 2
A diag i * , i * , * 2 p
m x m x 4m x
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 32 di 22
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Facoltà di Ingegneria
Numerical implementation: splitting scheme
i A+ B +C t
e
e
iB
t
2
iA
e
t iBt
2
e
e
iA
t iC t
2
e
f.f.t.
B diag cc , vv , cv
t
iB
-1
2 ˆ
fij F p e fij
ij
Approximate solution of
df
Bf
i
dt
f (0) f 0
fˆij F p f ij
1
2
V x
i
/ 2m V j x / 2m
B diag cc ,vv ,cv
ij fij
1
2
Vi x / 2m V j x / 2m
ei v v ' dv ' d
v'
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 33 di 22
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ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
fcc x, p Conduction band
x
p
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 34 di 22
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ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
fvv x, p Valence band
fcc x, p Conduction band
x
x
p
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
p
n. 35 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 36 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Stationary state: Thermal distribution
fcc x, p Conduction band
fcv x, p
fvv x, p Valence band
fcc x, p
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 37 di 22
Facoltà di Ingegneria
ICTT19 – 19thInternational Conference on Transport Theory
Budapest, July 24-30, 2005
Conclusion
• Multiband-Wigner model
• Well posedness of the Multiband-Wigner system
• Application to IRTD
Next steps
• Extention of MEF model to more general semiconductor
• Well posedness of Multiband-Wigner model coupled with Poisson eq.
• Calculation of I-V IRDT characteristic for self-consistent model
Wigner approach to a new two-band envelope function model for quantum transport
n. 38 di 22