Transcript Kelvin McDonald - Place Team - Town and Country Planning

Meeting the housing
challenge of the 21st
Century
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
... getting the
housing ‘offer’
right is crucial to
the success of
eco-towns and
their role in
inspiring and
raising aspirations
for the planning
of all new
development.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Influences
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Influences
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Influences
http://epi.univ-paris1.fr/servlet/com.univ.collaboratif.utils.LectureFichiergw?CODE_FICHIER=1225524766034&ID_FICHE=10938
‘Howard’s prime
contribution was to outline
the nature of a balanced
community and show what
steps were necessary, in an
ill-organised and
disorientated society, to
bring it into existence.’
Lewis Mumford (1946) The
Garden City Idea and
Modern Planning,
introduction to Ebeneezer
Howard, Garden Cities of
Tomorrow, Faber and Faber
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Influences
‘Sustainable communities meet the
diverse needs of existing and future
residents, their children and other
users, contribute to a high quality of
life and provide opportunity and
choice. They achieve this in ways that
make effective use of natural
resources, enhance the environment,
promote social cohesion and inclusion
and strengthen economic prosperity.’
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Influences
Well run
Well connected
Well served
Environmentally
sensitive
Thriving
Well designed & built
Fair for everyone
Active, inclusive and
safe
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Influences
‘ … communities that will
stand the test of time,
where people want to live,
and which will enable
people to meet their
aspirations and potential.’
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Influences
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
• Space and accessibility
• Choice and flexibility
• Quality and inspiration
• Affordability
• Safety, security, and a sense of
community
• Healthy living
• Having a stake – and a say – in the
future
• Addressing climate change
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Space and accessibility
Space to develop, space to work, space to
grow, space to have friends to stay, space to
look out on, and green space to look after.
Accessibility around the home – whatever
residents’ abilities are, whatever their age,
and whether or not they have children.
Accessibility for local people around their
neighbourhood, accessibility to facilities such
as shops and leisure, accessibility to services
such as doctors, and accessibility to work.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Choice and flexibility
A choice of how to live, a choice of
types of housing, and a choice of
facilities and services. Housing
should deliver flexibility in living
space and flexibility in tenures.
Security for residents in the
knowledge that this flexibility
ensures that profound life-changes
will not always require them to
move from their house and away
from their neighbourhood.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Quality and inspiration
Homes and surroundings
that have a quality that
pleases residents, and
allows them to be proud
of where they live and of
the fact that it has its
own unique identity.
Inspiring surroundings
and facilities.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Affordability
At least 30 per cent of housing to be
affordable, including social rented and
intermediate housing.
Affordability in access to housing and in
housing costs – not just affordability of
the rent or the mortgage, but of bills, the
upkeep of the home, and service charges.
The real costs to residents of how they
live should be made transparent through
the use of technology such as smart
meters.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Safety, security, and a sense of community
A feeling of belonging for local
people, opportunities to join in
community activities if they
want to, opportunities to take
responsibility if wanted, and
feeling and being safe both at
home and outdoors.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Healthy living
Housing that helps
to deliver good
health in the
community,
including through air
and noise quality,
allotments, and
recreation space.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Having a stake – and a say – in the future
Full information about, and the
opportunity to be involved in,
decisions about the future –
whether through formal
arrangements such as parish
councils or through inclusive
approaches such as community
planning events.
Community-based assets, owned
through organisations such as a
Community Land Trust, so that the
community itself benefits from
positive developments in the area.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Addressing climate change
Housing that minimises the
development impact on the
environment and which contributes to
achieving the goal of a zero carbon
community.
Residents should know that they are
making a contribution to addressing
climate change but should not feel that
they are being used guinea pigs in this
issue. They should be assured that the
innovations built into the community
work – and are not simply ‘eco window
dressing’.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Housing space standards in eco-towns
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Housing space standards in eco-towns
the TCPA suggests that
eco-towns should
adopt the same
approach as the
London Plan – namely
that 10 per cent of all
new housing should be
designed to be of
wheelchair standard or
easily adaptable
Crown Copyright 2008. Illustration
produced by PRP Architects. Diagram
indicative only
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Space and Accessibility -Density
This Worksheet does not set down standards for
housing density. The TCPA believes that developers
should be given the freedom to innovate and to
demonstrate how different densities can contribute to
the achievement of zero carbon communities.
• Forty per cent of the eco-town should be open space.
• Homes should be within ten minutes’ walk of (a)
frequent public transport and (b) neighbourhood
services.
• There should be a maximum walking distance of 800
metres from homes to the nearest school for children
aged under 11.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Space and Accessibility -Density
it needs to be borne in mind that
high density does not necessarily
mean high rise. Some low-rise
schemes recognised for their
sense of community are high
density. For example, Darbourne
and Darke’s 45-year-old scheme
in Lillington Gardens in
Westminster has a density of 195
dwellings per hectare, and the
2008 Stirling Prize winning
Accordia scheme in Cambridge,
designed by Feilden Clegg
Bradley, Maccreanor Lavington
and Alison Brooks Architects at 47
homes to the hectare (65
discounting amenity spaces)
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Space and Accessibility -Density
Housing for a Compact City. Greater London Assembly,
2003
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Space and Accessibility - Green/open space
‘green infrastructure cannot simply be assembled
from parcels of marginal land not needed or
wanted for housing’ (see
http://www.tcpa.org.uk/pages/greeninfrastructure.html). The planning of green space
around housing should therefore embody the
principle that the layout itself should provide for
the needs of residents. This means planning for
children’s play, sport and recreation alongside
features providing a sense of belonging and
community, rather than developing segregated
areas for different types of activity.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Space and Accessibility - accessible neighbourhoods
Inclusive Design for Getting Outdoors
www.idgo.ac.uk/index.htm
• Widths of footways and footpaths.
• Adjacent & shared use of footways & footpaths.
• Materials for footways and footpaths.
• Changes in the level of footways and footpaths.
• Kerbs, including tactile dropped kerbs for
footways & footpaths.
• Pedestrian crossings.
• Signage.
• Bus stops and shelters.
• Seating.
• Street art.
• Street greenery.
• Public toilets.
Delivering Sustainable
Town and Country
Housing for Eco-towns
Planning Association
Choice and Flexibility: Choice of tenure
The starting point for the design and allocation
of housing is that it needs to be tenure blind.
This can be achieved through removing design
distinctions and mixing different tenures within
a scheme – a practice sometimes known as
‘pepper potting’. However, eco-towns need to
show ways of moving beyond current practice.
One clear and progressive way of achieving this
is to blur – or abandon – the distinctions
between tenures for any particular dwelling.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Choice and Flexibility: Access to housing
Accessahome is an online housing lettings
system for disabled people. It is designed to
offer disabled people more housing options
and increased choice about where they live. It
provides an online database of adapted and
accessible homes in the affordable sector. It
provides a service to housing applicants and
landlords by enabling a better match of
applicants to accessible homes.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Choice and Flexibility: Choice in provision
•
•
•
•
self-build
co-housing
co-operative housing
Offsite production coupled with high
environmental standards
• non-standard approaches to construction
• private renting
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Choice and Flexibility: Choice in provision
Two model houses designed by Henry Roberts
that the Society for Improving the Condition of
the Labouring Classes erected in Hyde Park for
the Great Exhibition in 1851, to the Home
World Exhibition and the Future Home
Exhibition in Milton Keynes in 1981 and 1994
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Inspiration: quality
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Quality and Inspiration: quality
Eco-towns provide the opportunity to extend the
very real challenge posed by these criteria. For
example, criterion 5 is already too timid for an
eco-town development, while, for example,
criterion 11 could be turned on its head for ecotowns, with neither the building layout nor the
highways dominating but both being subservient
to the green framework. It would be valuable if all
schemes could aspire to the Building for Life Gold
Standard – meeting 16 of the 20 criteria – so that
eco-towns can truly be exemplar developments.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Quality and Inspiration: quality
The BedZED development in the London Borough of
Sutton demonstrates that it is technically and financially
possible to produce a building that does not degrade
the environment, but improves and enhances it.
BedZED addresses a multitude of physical issues, among
them maximising water re-use and reducing waste and
energy consumption, and offers a myriad of energysaving measures to residents. Integrated social
provisions include a nursery, after-school clubs, a
medical centre, an organic café, a bar, shops, internet
access, and workspaces.
http://www.buildingforlife.org/case-studies/bedzed/
introduction
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Quality and Inspiration: layout
The key priorities to be considered are:
• Communities – understanding social dynamics can help
developments to reinforce local communities.
• Place – drawing inspiration from indigenous character can strengthen
local identity.
• Natural resources – maximising use of the site’s intrinsic resources
can create more sustainable developments.
• Connections – understanding existing street and road linkages can
help in developing an effective and integrated movement framework.
• Feasibility – ensuring schemes are economically viable and
deliverable.
• Vision – understanding the aspirations for the site.
Urban Design Compendium
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Quality and Inspiration: layout
As part of the redevelopment of Borneo
Sporenburg, 60 ‘free parcels’ of land were made
available on which private individuals were able to
build their own homes under the guidelines
provided by the design codes. These individuals
consulted with the architects in organised
workshops, challenging them to meet their needs
by responding creatively to the design code. The
experience of Borneo Sporenburg has had a
significant impact on Dutch urban planning, and
free parcels are now often integrated into new
planned neighbourhoods in the Netherlands.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Quality and Inspiration: layout
Layout is also important in determining the
ways in which an ecotown can be
developed. For example, in Vauban in
Freiburg, Germany , one of the attributes
of the inclusive masterplanning process
was the division of land into small lots and
a preferential allocation to private builders
and co-operative building projects.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Quality and inspiration: types of housing
http://www.passivhaus.org.uk/
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Affordability: funding models
Unlike individual homeownership, where
residents have a personal mortgage loan
to buy a home, the homes are financed by
a corporate loan borrowed by a cooperative. The value of the buildings is
divided into shares, and when members
leave the co-operative they are entitled to
take the equity that they have built up
with them. The net value of the shares is
calculated by reference to a fair valuation
formula set out in the departing
member’s occupancy agreement or lease,
which is the same for all members.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Affordability: funding models
Resident members of the cooperative also finance the
management, maintenance, estate
services and mortgage costs through
the rents they pay to the cooperative, as well as controlling its
budget. The rent is geared to be
affordable at 35 per cent of net
household income, so the more you
earn the more you pay, and the more
equity shares you own and finance.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Affordability: reducing energy costs
‘The Government has committed to mandating
smart meters and has set out an indicative
timetable for getting smart metering to all
homes by the end of 2020.’
The Government’s plans, and therefore the
sustainability and affordability of all housing,
would be supported if all homes in eco-towns
were fitted with smart metering and energy
management systems from the outset – instead
of this simply being considered, as the PPS
requires.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Secured by Design
Recent research conservatively
estimates the carbon cost of
crime within the UK to be in the
region of 6,000,000 tonnes of
CO2. This is roughly equivalent
to the total CO2 output of 6
million UK homes.
The environmental benefits of
Secured by Design are fully
supported by independent
research proving that SBD
housing developments suffer at
least 50% less burglary, 25% less
vehicle crime and 25% less
criminal damage.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Healthy living: Active Design
Active Design is an innovative set of design
guidelines to promote opportunities for sport
and physical activity in the design and layout of
development. The guidance promotes sport
and activity through three key Active Design
principles of improving accessibility, enhancing
amenity and increasing awareness.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
having a stake - and a say – in the future
... the Graylingwell
housing development
near Chichester has
involved the creation of
a Community
Development Trust
which will be endowed
with the completed
community buildings, to
be run by local people
for local people.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Community involvement in strategies
The Eldonian Community Based Housing Association Ltd
was set up as a housing cooperative in 1983 by tenants
from Eldon Street and Burlington Street in Liverpool.
The homes of these residents were scheduled for
demolition: this would have meant that the community
would have been broken up and the people scattered to
different parts of Merseyside. In 1990, the co-operative
became a Community Based Housing Association, held
directly accountable to its customers through
consultation and customer participation. It is legally
owned by its nominal shareholders (who have £1
holding each). Anyone over the age of 18 years who
lives in an association property is entitled to apply to
become a shareholder. Shareholders receive no profit.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Addressing climate change
the ‘Hammarby model’ of considering a
settlement as a living organism, and thus
looking at waste, energy, movement and
accessibility as an integrated whole.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
It can be done ....
The 680 dwellings in the housing
development within the NieuwTerbregge neighbourhood of
Rotterdam are being built by a
single developer, Proper-Stok,
who worked closely with the
municipality of Rotterdam. Each
group of around 80 to 120 houses
has its own structure, identity
and energy strategy. The
objective at Nieuw-Terbregge is
to demonstrate energy efficiency
and renewable energy
technologies on a large scale as
an integrated element of an
urban housing area.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
It can be done ....
The Natural House has been
designed to reach Code for
Sustainable Homes Level 4. Walls
are formed from a single skin of
aerated clay blocks familiar in
Germany and which are proven to
have high levels of thermal
insulation but lower embodied
energy than traditional bricks.
Additional insulation is provided
by an insulating lime-based
render externally and woodfibre
board internally. Timber joists,
floors and roof structure,
sheepswool insulation and clay
roof tiles contribute to a
responsible resourcing strategy.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
It can be done ....
Barratt’s development of
Hanham Hall aims to be one of
the first large-scale zero carbon
communities in England and
the first development by a
major housebuilder to meet
Code for Sustainable Homes
Level 6. It will meet demanding
targets to reduce energy and
water use and will reduce
other impacts on the
environment. will save water.
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
Influences
http://epi.univ-paris1.fr/servlet/com.univ.collaboratif.utils.LectureFichiergw?CODE_FICHIER=1225524766034&ID_FICHE=10938
‘Forget the damned
motor car and build the
cities for lovers and
friends.’
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association
[email protected]
Delivering Sustainable
Housing for Eco-towns
Town and Country
Planning Association