Transcript Slide 1
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa
African Centre for Statistics Session 2: Environment Statistics and Indicators: Concepts and Methods
Workshop on Environment Statistics and Accounts 7 – 11 March 2011 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Outline of Presentation
• • • •
I. Introduction II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators III. Global indicator sets IV. NEPAD / AEO-2 Indicators
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I. Introduction
• • • The first United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (UNCHE) was held in Stockholm, Sweden from 5 to 16 June 1972.
UNCHE laid the foundation for environmental action at an international level. The main recommendations of the Conference included: governments communicate about environmental issues that have international implications; governments give attention to the training of those who plan, develop, and manage settlement areas; and that agencies work together to address many issues, such as access to clean water and population growth
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I. Introduction (cont’d)
• • • • United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit, took place in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from June 2-14, 1992. Specific recommendations by the Earth Summit refer to the development and implementation of integrated environment and economic accounting, and indicators of sustainable development.
It was UNCHE that gave the impetus, both at the national and international levels, to the development of environment statistics as a new field of official statistics. The first initiatives pertaining to the development of environment statistics at the international level stemmed from two meetings of the Economic Commission for Europe in 1973.
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I. Introduction (cont’d)
• • • A draft programme of international work in environment statistics was first submitted to the Statistical Commission of the United Nations at its eighteenth session in 1974.
The Environment Unit within the former Statistics Division of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa was operational in the late 1980s. In the early 1990s the Unit produced its first compendium entitled “
African Compendium of Environment Statistics 1991
”
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I. Introduction (cont’d)
• • • Environment statistics are now included in the African Statistical Yearbook publication. The environment indicators that are included in the publication are: • • • Carbon dioxide emissions per capita in metric tons; Percentage of protected area to total surface area; and Proportion of population using improved sanitation facilities. The sources of the data are the Millennium Development Goals database at the United Nations Statistics Division and the data collected through the UNSD/UNEP Questionnaires which have been administered every two years
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators
o o o There are global as well as regional frameworks for the development of environment statistics o o Global frameworks Framework for the development of Environment Statistics (FDES) – UNSD o o sets); Commission for Sustainable Development frameworks (CSD) (Driving force-State-Response; Thematic/sub-thematic frameworks, two Regional frameworks Pressure-State-Response framework (OECD) Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (Eurostat and EEA) o Theme-Issues-Indicator-Data matrix (NEPAD / AEO-2)
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d) II.1 UNSD’s Framework for the development of environment statistics
Components of environment Social and economic activities, natural events Information categories Environmental impacts of activities/events Responses to environmental impacts 1. Flora 2. Fauna 3. Atmosphere 4. Water (a) Freshwater (b) Marine water 5. Land/Soil (a) Surface (b) Sub-surface 6. Human settlements Inventories, stocks and background information
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• • •
Framework for the development of environment statistics covers Statistics on human settlement Statistics of the Natural Environment I. Scope and characteristics of statistics of the natural environment
• • Characteristics of bio-physical data: Data variables are based on scientific readings from instruments or laboratory analysis Analytical data are produced from ground surveys and remote sensing imagery, frequently recorded in mapped form
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• • • • • Sampling frameworks are based on spatial distributions Longer time intervals are required in order to detect significant environmental changes Natural spatial units are used Data are based on physical measuring units There is lack of well developed methods and techniques • • • • • • Bio-physical data are largely obtained from Monitoring programmes Natural resource inventories Mapping and survey activities Interpretation of remote sensing imagery
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• • • • • • • • •
A. Social and Economic activities and Natural Resources
A.1. Use of Natural Resources and related activities A.1.1 Agriculture A.1.2.Forestry
A.1.3 Hunting and trapping A.1.4 Fisheries A.1.5 Minerals, mining and quarrying A.1.6 Energy production and consumption A.1.7 Water use for human activities A.1.8 Land use and environmental restructuring
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• • • • A.2. Emissions, waste loadings and application of bio-chemicals A.2.1 Emissions and waste loadings in environmental media A.2.2 Application of bio-chemicals • A.3. Natural events • • • • B. Environmental impacts of activities and events B.1. Resource depletion and increase B.1.1 Biological resources B.1.2 Cyclical and non-renewable resources
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• • • • • • • • • B.2. Environmental quality B.2.1 Atmospheric pollution B.2.2 Water quality B.2.3 Soil and land quality B.2.4 Quality of biota and ecosystems B.3. Human health and environmental disasters B.3.1 Human health and contamination B.3.2 Impacts of environmental disasters
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • C. Responses to environmental impacts C.1. Resource management and rehabilitation C.1.1 Protection and conservation of nature C.1.2 Management and conservation of natural resources C.1.3 Rehabilitation of degraded environments C.2. Pollution monitoring and control C.2.1 Pollution research and surveillance C.2.2 Standards, control and enforcement C.2.3 Environmental clean-up and rehabilitation C.2.4 Public pollution control facilities C.3. Prevention and hazard mitigation of natural disasters C.4. Private sector responses C.4.1 Enterprises C.4.2 Households
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • D. Stocks and inventories D.1. Biological resources D.1.1 Agricultural stocks D.1.2 Forestry stocks D.1.3 Fishery stocks D.1.4 Fauna and flora inventories D.2. Cyclical and non-renewable resources D.2.1 Hydrological systems D.2.2 Climate D.2.3 Lithosphere D.2.4 Mineral resources D.3. Energy stocks D.3.1 Non-renewable energy resources D.3.2 Renewable energy resources D.4. Ecosystem inventory
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d) II.2 Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework for environment indicators (OECD)
Issues Climate Change Ozone layer depletion Eutrophication Acidification Toxic contamination Urban environmental quality Biodiversity Landscapes Waste Water resources Forest resources Fish resources Soil degradation (desertification & erosion) General indicators Pressure State Response
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
II.3 Driving force-State-Response (DSR) framework (CSD)
Chapters of Agenda 21 Driving force indicators State indicators Category: Social Category: Economic Category: Environmental Category: Institutional Response indicators
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
II.4 Thematic/sub-thematic framework for indicators of sustainable development (CSD)
Dimension Social Theme Sub-theme Indicators Environmental Economic Institutional
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
II.5 Thematic/sub-thematic framework (CSD) – 3 rd set
Theme Social Sub-theme Core indicators Environmental Economic Institutional Other indicators
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• • • •
Indicators of Sustainable Development: Third edition 14 themes; 44 Sub-themes; 96 Indicators Atmosphere
– Climate Change » » Carbon dioxide emissions (Core indicator) Emissions of greenhouse gases (Other indicator) – Ozone Layer Depletion » Consumption of ozone depleting substances (Other indicator) – Air Quality » Ambient concentration of air pollutants in urban areas (Core indicator)
Biodiversity
– Ecosystems » » Area of selected key ecosystems (Other indicator) Fragmentation of habitats (Other indicator) » » Management effectiveness of protected areas (Other indicator) Proportion of terrestrial area protected, total and by ecological region (Core indicator)
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
– Species » Abundance of invasive alien species (Other indicator) » » Abundance of selected key species (Other indicator) Change in threat status of species (Core indicator) • •
Consumption and Production Patterns
– Energy Use » » Intensity of energy use, total and by economic activity (Other indicator) Annual energy consumption, total and by main user category (Core indicator) » Share of renewable energy sources in total energy use (Other indicator) – Waste Generation and Management » Generation of hazardous wastes (Core indicator) » Management of radioactive waste (Other indicator) » » Waste treatment and disposal (Core indicator) Generation of waste (Other indicator)
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• – – Material Consumption » Domestic material consumption (Other indicator) » Material intensity of the economy (Core indicator) Transportation » Modal split of freight transport (Other indicator) » » Modal split of passenger transport (Core indicator) Energy intensity of transport (Other indicator) • •
Demographics
– Population » » » Population growth rate (Core indicator) Total fertility rate (Other indicator) Dependency ratio (Core indicator) – Tourism » Ratio of local residents to tourists in major tourist regions and destinations (Other indicator)
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
•
Economic Development
– Employment » » » Employment-to-population ratio (Core indicator) Labour productivity and unit labour cost (Core indicator) Share of women in wage employment in non-agricultural sector (Core indicator) » Vulnerable employment (Other indicator) – Information and communication technologies » Mobile cellular telephone subscribers per 100 population (Other indicator) » Internet users per 100 population (Core indicator) » Fixed telephone lines per 100 population (Other indicator) – Macroeconomic Performance » Gross domestic product per capita (Core indicator) » Investment share in gross domestic product (Core indicator) » » » Adjusted net saving as a percentage of gross national income (Core indicators) Gross saving (Core indicators) Inflation rate (Core indicators)
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• – – – Research and development » Gross domestic expenditure on research and development as a percent of gross domestic product (Other indicator) Sustainable public finance » Debt-to-GNI ratio (Core indicator) Tourism » Tourism contribution to GDP (Core indicator) • •
Education
– Education level » » » Adult secondary (tertiary) schooling attainment level (Core indicator) Net enrolment rate in primary education (Core indicator) Gross intake ratio to last grade of primary education (Core indicator) » Life-long learning (Other indicator) – Literacy » Adult literacy rate (Core indicator)
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• •
Fresh Water
– Water Quality » » » Biochemical oxygen demand in water bodies (Other indicator) Presence of faecal coliforms in freshwater (Core indicator ) Wastewater treatment (Other indicator) – Water Quantity » » Water use intensity by economic activity (Core indicator) Proportion of total water resources used (Core indicator)
Global economic partnership
– Trade » » Average tariff imposed on exports from developing countries and IDCs (Other indicator) Share of imports from developing countries and LDCs (Other indicator) – External financing » Current account deficit as percentage of GDP (Core indicator) » » » Foreign direct investment (FDI) net inflows and net outflows as share of GDP (Other indicator) Remittances as percentage of GNI (Other indicator) Net official development assistance given or received as a percentage of gross national income (Core indicator)
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• • •
Governance
– Corruption » Percentage of population having paid bribes (Core indicator) – Crime » Number of intentional homicides per 100,000 population (Core indicator)
Health
– Healthcare Delivery » » » Contraceptive prevalence rate (Other indicator) Percent of population with access to primary health care facilities (Core indicator) Immunization against infectious childhood diseases (Core indicator) – Health status and risks » » » Prevalence of tobacco use (Other indicator) Suicide rate (Other indicator) Morbidity of major diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis (Core indicator) – Mortality » » Life expectancy at birth (Core indicator) Under-five mortality rate (Core indicator) – Mortality and morbidity » Healthy life expectancy at birth (Other indicator) – Nutritional Status » Nutritional status of children (Core indicator)
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• •
Land
– Agriculture » » » Arable and permanent cropland area (Core indicator ) Area under organic farming (Other indicator) Fertilizer use efficiency (Other indicator) » Use of agricultural pesticides (Other indicator) – Forests » Area of forest under sustainable forest management (Other indicator) » Percent of forest trees damaged by defoliation (Other indicator) » Proportion of land area covered by forests (Core indicator) – Land use and status » » Land degradation (Other indicator) Land use change (Other indicator) – Desertification » Land affected by desertification (Other indicator)
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
•
Natural hazards
– Disaster Preparedness and Response » Human and economic loss due to disasters (Other indicator) – Vulnerability to natural hazards » Percentage of population living in hazard prone areas (Core indicator ) •
Ocean, seas and coasts
– Coastal Zone » Bathing water quality (Other indicator) » Percentage of total population living in coastal areas (Core indicator) – Fisheries » Proportion of fish stocks within their safe biological limits180 (Core indicator) – Marine environment » Area of coral reef ecosystems and percentage live cover (Other indicator) » » Marine trophic index (Other indicator) Proportion of marine areas protected (Core indicator)
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
•
Poverty
– Income poverty » Proportion of population living below national poverty line (Core indicator) » Proportion of population below 1 $ a day (Other indicator) – Inequality » Ratio of share in national income of highest to lowest quintile (Core indicator) – Access to energy » » Share of households without electricity or other modern energy services (Core indicator) Percentage of population using solid fuels for cooking (Other indicator) – Living conditions » Proportion of urban population living in slums (Core indicator) – Drinking Water » Proportion of population using an improved water source (Core indicator) – Sanitation » Proportion of population using improved sanitation facilities (Core indicator)
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
II.6 Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework (Eurostat and EEA) Driving Forces
Basic sectoral trends in (ex. energy generation, transport, industry, agriculture, tourism)
Pressure State
Human activities directly affecting the environment (ex. carbon dioxide or methane emissions)
Impact
Observable changes of the environment, (ex. rising global temperatures) Effects of changed environment, (ex. decrease in agricultural production, hurricanes, floods)
Response
Responses of society to solve the problem, (ex. research on solar energy, energy taxes)
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II. Frameworks of environmental statistics and indicators (cont’d)
II.6 NEPAD / AEO-2 Theme-Issues-Indicator-Data matrix
Thematic area Socio-economic issues Priority issues Lead indicators Data matrix Air (Atmosphere) Land Forest and woodlands Freshwater Wetlands Coastal and marine Biodiversity Human settlements Human health and environment Energy Natural disasters & environmental performance
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III. Global indicator sets
• • o • o
The most politically important indicator sets for Africa 1. Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
8 Goals, 21 targets, 60 indicators
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sustainability 10 indicators
2.
Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD)
o
Thematic / sub-thematic framework (CSD) – 3 rd set
o 14 themes, 44 sub-themes, 50 core indicators, 46 other indicators o 41 indicators that deal with environmental issues • o
NEPAD / AEO-2 Indicators (May, 2005)
Thematic areas 11, priority issues 47, lead indicators 154
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