Transcript Cloud Computing: Trend Watch for Libraries

THE FUTURE OF LIBRARIES
New Technologies, New Models,
and Strategic Transition
Marshall Breeding
Independent Consult, Author,
Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides
www.librarytechnology.org/
twitter.com/mbreeding
18 Dec 2012
The Future of Libraries:
New Technologies, New Models
and Strategic Transition
Conference on Chinese Academic Library
Technology & Development 2012
Summary

Cloud computing in Libraries: trends related to the
adoption of cloud computing technologies for
library management and discovery products.
Summary

Cloud computing is one of the most important technology
trends of the times. The phase of client/server computing is
fading into obsolescence, replaced by entirely web-based
systems, increasingly deployed through SaaS. Libraries and
other technology-oriented organizations now have options
through infrastructure-as-a-service offerings such as
Amazon’s Elastic Compute Cloud and Simple Storage
Service to ramp up computing capabilities quickly, enjoy
free access for smaller projects, and take advantage of
usage- based subscription models for larger-scale
production projects. Breeding expands on these topics and
provides a basic explanation of cloud computing that
focuses on real advantages and disadvantages for libraries.
Agenda

9:00-10:00
 Global


Trends in Information Technology in Libraries
13:30-15:00
 Trends
Section 1
Section 2
in Library Automation Software implementation
15:10-16:40
 Global
Section 3
business arena, Questions and Discussion
Global Trends in Information
Technology in Libraries
•
•
•
•
•
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Cloud Computing
Web-based systems
Mobile
Evolution of Legacy systems
Expanding scope of library mission: electronic resource
management,
Creating and curating digital collections,
Digital preservation
9:00-10:00 Section 1
Redefining Libraries
Future Service and Development Models
Appropriate Automation Infrastructure

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Current automation products out of step with current
realities
Majority of library collection funds spent on electronic
content
Majority of automation efforts support print activities
Management of e-content continues with inadequate
supporting infrastructure
New discovery solutions help with access to e-content
Library users expect more engaging socially aware
interfaces for Web and mobile
Key Context: Libraries in Transition

Academic Shift from Print > Electronic

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Public: Emphasis on Patron Engagement




E-journal transition largely complete
Circulation of print collections slowing
E-books now in play (consultation > reading)
Increased pressure on physical facilities
Increased circulation of print collections
Dramatic increase in interest in e-books
All libraries:



Need better tools for access to complex multi-format collections
Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections
Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability
Key Context: Technologies in transition
 Client
/ Server > Web-based computing
 Natively social computing
 Integration
 Local
of social computing into core infrastructure
computing shifting to cloud platforms
 Application
Service Provider offerings standard
 New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-service
 Full
spectrum of devices
 full-scale
/ net book / tablet / mobile
 Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of device
and interface cycles
Key Context: Changed expectations in
metadata management


Moving away from individual record-by-record creation
Life cycle of metadata


Manage metadata in bulk when possible


E-book collections
Highly shared metadata


Metadata follows the supply chain, improved and enhanced along the
way as needed
E-journal knowledge bases (KnowledgeWorks / 360 Core)
Great interest in moving toward semantic web and open linked data



Very little progress in linked data for operational systems
AACR2 > RDA
MARC > RDF: Bibliographic Framework Transition Initiative

http://www.loc.gov/marc/transition/
Key Context: Research Data

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Academic libraries have increased library
involvement with research data
Facilitate data management plans for research
projects
Lend Library expertise to organization and
management
Preservation
Surging Interest in the Semantic Web


Open Linked Data
Bibliographic data sets released through Creative
Commons Public Domain License (CC0)
 Europeana,
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Harvard, etc.
Databases that natively manage RDF triple stores
Currently at Early stages of introducing semantic
technologies in discovery
Relational databases continue to power business
systems
Each Library Type Distinctive

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Academic – Public – School – Special
Academic: Emphasis on subscribed electronic
resources
Public: Engaged in the management of print
collections
 Dramatic


increase in interest in E-books
School: Age-appropriate resources (print and Web),
textbook and media management
Special: Enterprise knowledge management
(Corporate, Law, Medical, etc)
Cooperation and Resource sharing

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

Efforts on many fronts to cooperate and consolidate
Many regional consortia merging (Example:
suburban Chicago systems)
State-wide or national implementations
Software-as-a-service or “cloud” based
implementations
 Many
libraries share computing infrastructure and data
resources
Cloud Computing and Services
Cloud Computing for Libraries
Book Image
Publication Info:

Volume 11 in The Tech
Set
Published by NealSchuman / ALA
TechSource
ISBN: 781555707859

http://www.neal-schuman.com/ccl


Cloud computing as marketing term
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Cloud computing used very freely, tagged to almost
any virtualized environment
Any arrangement where the library relies on some
kind of remote hosting environment for major
automation components
Includes almost any vendor-hosted product offering
Cloud computing – characteristics

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Web-based Interfaces
Externally hosted
Pricing: subscription or utility
Highly abstracted computing model
Provisioned on demand
Scaled according to variable needs
Elastic – consumption of resources can contract and
expand according to demand
Fundamental technology shift

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
Mainframe computing
Client/Server
Cloud Computing
http://www.flickr.com/photos/carrick/61952845/
http://soacloudcomputing.blogspot.com/2008/10/cloud-computing.html
http://www.javaworld.com/javaworld/jw-10-2001/jw-1019-jxta.html
Local Computing
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Traditional model
Locally owned and managed
Shifting from departmental to enterprise
Departmental servers
co-located in central
IT data centers
Increasingly virtualized
Gartner Hype Cycle 2009
Gartner Hype Cycle 2010
Gartner Hype Cycle 2011
Gartner Hype Cycle 2012
Cloud computing layers
Infrastructure-as-a-service


Provisioning of Equipment
Servers, storage
 Virtual

server provisioning
Examples:

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Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2)
Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3)
Rackspace Cloud www.rackspacecloud.com/)
EMC2 Atmos (www.atmosonline.com/)
Software-as-a-Service

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Complete software application, customized for customer
use
Software delivered through cloud infrastructure, data
stored on cloud
Eg: Salesforce.com—widely used business infrastructure
Multi-tenant: all organizations that use the service share
the same instance (codebase, hardware resources, etc)

Often partitioned to separate some groups of subscribers
Types of SaaS
http://www.samanage.com/blog/2011/08/not-all-saas-offerings-are-created-equal/
Application service provider

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Legacy business applications hosted by software vendor
Standalone application on discrete or virtualized
hardware
Staff and public clients accessed via the Internet
Same user interfaces and functionality as if installed
locally
Established as a deployment model in the 1990’s
Can be implemented through Infrastructure-as-a Service

Individual instances of legacy system hosted in EC2
ASP vs SaaS
From: THINKstrategies: CIO’s Guide to Software-as-a-Service
Private vs Public
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cloud_computing_types.svg
Storage-as-a-Service
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Provisioned, on-demand storage
Bundled to, or separate from other cloud services
Examples:
 Enterprise:
Amazon S3 (Simple Storage Service)
 Consumer: Dropbox
Data as a service

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General opportunity to move away from library-bylibrary metadata management to globally shared
workflows
Shared knowledge bases
E-resource holdings
 Bibliographic services
 Linked data applications
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Key Issues
Data ownership
 Creative commons license
 Data portability across competing providers

Cloud computing trends for libraries

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Increased migration away from local computing
toward some form of remote / hosted / virtualized
alternative
Cloud computing especially attractive to libraries
with few technology support personnel
Adequate bandwidth will continue to be a limiting
factor
Data in the cloud

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Storage as a service
Informal / small-scale
 Dropbox
(2GB+)
 Microsoft Skydrive (7GB+)
 Mostly used as supplemental storage and for sharing

Institutional / Larger-scale
 Local
storage still dominant
 When using cloud storage for institutional data
 Multiple
tiers of backup with SLA
 DuraCloud,
S3, many others
Platform-as-a-Platform as a Service

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Virtualized computing environment for deployment
of software
Application engine, no specific server provisioning
Examples:
 Google
 SDKs
App Engine
for Java, Python
 Heroku:
ruby platform
 Amazon Web Service

Library Specific platforms
Library automation through SaaS


Almost all library automation products offered
through hosted options
SaaS or ASP?
Data as a service


SaaS provides opportunity for highly shared data
models
General opportunity to move away from libraryby-library metadata management to globally
shared workflows
Caveats and concerns with SaaS

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Libraries must have adequate bandwidth to support
access to remote applications without latency
Quality of service agreements that guarantee
performance and reliability factors
Configurability and customizability limitations
Access to API’s
Ability to interoperate with 3rd party applications
 Eg:
Connect SaaS ILS with discovery product from
another vendor
Maintain institutional branding
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Using cloud computing does not mean giving up
your identity
Be sure that your services delivered through your
own URL
Most cloud services support domain aliases
Accomplished through DNS configuration
 Implemented
by your network administrator
 Create CNAME entry to redirect cloud service to a
subdomain associated with your library:
 S3.mylibrary.org = s3.amazonaws.com.
Cost implications


Total cost of ownership
Do all cost components result in increased or decreased
expense
Personnel costs – need less technical administration
 Hardware – server hardware eliminated
 Software costs: subscription, license, maintenance/support
 Indirect costs: energy costs associated with power and
cooling of servers in data center
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IaaS: balance elimination of hardware investments for
ongoing usage fees

Especially attractive for development and prototyping
Personnel Distribution
Local Computing
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Server Administration
Application
maintenance
Staff client software
updates
Operational tasks
Cloud Computing
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Application
configuration or
profiling
Operational tasks
Budget Allocations
Local Computing
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Server Purchase
Server Maintenance
Application software
license
Data Center overhead
 Energy
costs
 Facility costs
Cloud Computing

Annual Subscription
 Measured
 Fixed

Service?
fees
Factors
 Hosting
 Software
Licenses
 Optional modules
Benefits of Cloud Computing
Libraries

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Elimination of capital
expenses for
equipment
Lower annual costs
Redeployment of
technical staff to more
meaningful activities
Providers / Vendors

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
Higher revenues relative
to software-only
arrangements
Provision of
infrastructure at scale
with lower unit costs
Longer-term
relationships with
customers
Risks and concerns

Privacy of data
 Policies,

Ownership of data
 Avoid

regulations, jurisdictions
vendor lock-in
Integrity of Data
 Backups
and disaster recovery
 Opportunities for increased redundancy
Security issues

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Most providers implement stronger safeguards
beyond the capacity of local institutions
Virtual instances equally susceptible to poor security
practices as local computing
Cloud computing trends for libraries



Increased migration away from local computing
toward some form of remote / hosted / virtualized
alternative
Cloud computing especially attractive to libraries
with few technology support personnel
Adequate bandwidth will continue to be a limiting
factor
Relevant trends

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No technical limitations on scalability of
infrastructure
General move toward ever larger implementations
of automation infrastructure
National infrastructure (beginning with smaller
countries)
US: Statewide and regional projects
Resource sharing opportunities

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Larger instances of automation systems or
participation in multi-tenant services provide
inherent resource sharing capabilities
Ever larger repositories of metadata
Simpler mechanisms for patron requests of items not
in local collections
Mobile Computing
Trends in Library Automation
Software implementation
•
•
•
Trend toward large-scale implementations
Emphasis on resource sharing
Impact of Technology on library service
13:30-15:00 Section 2
Resource Discovery Services
Challenge: Disjointed approach to
information and service delivery

Library Web sites offer a menu of unconnected silos:
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Books: Library OPAC (ILS online catalog module)
Articles: Aggregated content products, e-journal collections
OpenURL linking services
E-journal finding aids (Often managed by link resolver)
Subject guides (e.g. Springshare LibGuides)
Local digital collections

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ETDs, photos, rich media collections
Metasearch engines
Discovery Services – often just another choice among many
All searched separately
Online Catalog
ILS Data
Search:
Scope of Search
Search Results


Books, Journals, and
Media at the Title Level
Not in scope:
Articles
 Book Chapters
 Digital objects
 Web site content
 Etc.

Next-gen Catalogs or Discovery
Interface (2002-2009)

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Single search box
Query tools
Did you mean
 Type-ahead
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Relevance ranked results (for some content sources)
Faceted navigation
Enhanced visual displays
Cover art
 Summaries, reviews,
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Recommendation services
Discovery Interface search model
Search:
Local
Index
ILS Data
Digital
Collections
ProQuest
Search Results
MetaSearch
Engine
EBSCOhost
…
MLA
Bibliography
ABC-CLIO
Real-time query and
responses
Differentiation in Discovery
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Products increasingly specialized between public
and academic libraries
Public libraries: emphasis on engagement with
physical collection
Academic libraries: concern for discovery of
heterogeneous material types, especially books +
articles + digital objects
Discovery from Local to Web-scale

Initial products focused on technology
AquaBrowser, Endeca, Primo, Encore, VuFind,
 LIBERO Uno, Civica Sorcer, Axiell Arena
 Mostly locally-installed software


Current phase is focused on pre-populated indexes that
aim to deliver Web-scale discovery
Primo Central (Ex Libris)
 Summon (Serials Solutions)
 WorldCat Local (OCLC)
 EBSCO Discovery Service (EBSCO)
 Encore with Article Integration (no index, though)

Web-scale Index-based Discovery
(2009- present)
Digital
Collections
Search:
Consolidated Index
Search Results
ILS Data
Web Site
Content
Institutional
Repositories
Aggregated
Content
packages
…
E-Journals
Reference
Sources
Pre-built harvesting and
indexing
Web-scale Search Problem
ILS Data
Digital
Collections
Search Results
Consolidated
Index
Search:
Web Site
Content
Institutional
Repositories
Aggregated
Content
packages
…
E-Journals
???
Problem in how to deal with resources not
provided to ingest into consolidated index
Pre-built harvesting and
indexing
Non
Participating
Content Sources
Adoption of Discovery Services
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Next-gen catalogs or discovery services have been
around since 2002
Many mature products
Continuing to evolve and expand
Online catalog components of ILS products have
taken on many of the characteristics of discovery
layers
Full-text Book indexing


HathiTrust: 11 million volumes, 5.3 million titles,
263,000 serial titles, 3.5 billion pages
HathiTrust in Discovery Indexes
 Primo
Central (Jan 20, 2012) [previously indexed only
metadata]
 EBSCO Discovery Service (Sept 8 2011)
 WorldCat Local (Sept 7, 2011)
 Summon (Mar 28, 2011)
Challenge for Relevancy

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Technically feasible to index hundreds of millions or
billions of records through Lucene or SOLR
Difficult to order records in ways that make sense
Many fairly equivalent candidates returned for any
given query
Must rely on use-based and social factors to
improve relevancy rankings
Challenges for Collection Coverage
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To work effectively, discovery services need to
cover comprehensively the body of content
represented in library collections
What about publishers that do not participate?
Is content indexed at the citation or full-text level?
What are the restrictions for non-authenticated
users?
How can libraries understand the differences in
coverage among competing services?
Evaluating the Coverage of Indexbased Discovery Services

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Intense competition: how well the index covers the body
of scholarly content stands as a key differentiator
Difficult to evaluate based on numbers of items indexed
alone.
Important to ascertain now your library’s content
packages are represented by the discovery service.
Important to know what items are indexed by citation
and which are full text
Important to know whether the discovery service favors
the content of any given publisher
The rise of e-books

Academic libraries: e-books included in aggregated
content packages
 E-books
used primarily for research and consultation,
not long reading


Public Libraries: Subscriptions to e-book services
that provide an outsourced collection of loanable ebooks
K-12 Schools, Colleges, Universities: interest in
electronic textbooks
Integrating e-Books into Library
Automation Infrastructure

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Current approach involves mostly outsourced
arrangements
Collections licensed wholesale from single provider
Hand-off to DRM and delivery systems of providers
Loading of MARC records into local catalog with
linking mechanisms
No ability to see availability status of e-books from
the library’s online catalog or discovery interface
Technology Issues

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
Access to materials controlled through Digital Rights
Management
Closed ecosystems that control content through
identity management and rights policies
Imposes significant overhead on the user
experience:
 Download
an install DRM components
 Establish user credentials in site trusted by DRM
 Works only with devices that comply with DRM
restrictions
Global business arena, Questions
and Discussion
•
•
•
•
•
Consolidation of International Companies
Product offerings
Position of local companies
Product development trends
Questions and Discussion
15:10-16:40 Section 3
Next Generation Library
Management
Is the status quo sustainable?
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ILS for management of (mostly) print
Duplicative financial systems between library and campus
Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated with ILS)
OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access to
full-text electronic articles
Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm,
DigiTool, etc.)
Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.)
Discovery-layer services for broader access to library
collections
No effective integration services / interoperability among
disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes
Integrated Library Systems


Model for library automation since 1970’s
Modules
 Circulation
 Cataloging
 Acquisitions
 Serials
 Authority
Control
 Public Catalog

Oriented to Print / Physical Materials
ILS now restricts Innovation




Business models hard-coded in ILS no longer
represent current library realities
Force disproportionate levels of personnel attention
toward print
Personnel involved in non-print areas forced to work
on other platforms
Libraries now organized around idiosyncrasies of
the ILS
Library Organization
Integrated Library System

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
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
Circulation
Cataloging
Acquisitions
Serials
Interlibrary Loan
Reserves
Electronic resources
Digital Collections
Library Services Platforms

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
Fulfillment
Collection
Management
Research Services
New Organizational Options

Fulfillment

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
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

Collection Management

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


Discovery
Social engagement
Delivery (all media and formats)
Dynamic procurement: demand-driven acquisitions, peer institutions, unaffiliated institutions
Blended processes to deliver library content to users (local, remote, owned, licensed, etc.)
Local + shared collections
Global Metadata
Curation
Preservation
Research Services


Support for library collections
Involvement with research data
Integrated (for print) Library System
Public Interfaces:
Staff Interfaces:
Interfaces
Business
Logic
Data
Stores
Circulation
BIB
Cataloging
Holding
/ Items
Circ
Transact
Acquisitions
User
Serials
Vendor
Online
Catalog
$$$
Funds
Policies
Electronic Resource Management
LMS / ERM: Fragmented Model
Staff Interfaces:
Public Interfaces:
Application Programming Interfaces
CirculationCatalogingAcquisitions Serials
BIB
Online
Catalog
Protocols: CORE
`
Holding Circ
$$$
User Vendor
Policies
/ ItemsTransact
Funds
E-resource
License
Procurement Management
E-Journal
Titles
Vendors
License
Terms
Common approach for ERM
Staff Interfaces:
Public Interfaces:
Budget
License Terms
Application Programming Interfaces
CirculationCatalogingAcquisitions Serials
Online
Catalog
Titles / Holdings
Vendors
BIB
Holding Circ
$$$
User Vendor
Policies
/ ItemsTransact
Funds
Access Details
Comprehensive Resource Management



No longer sensible to use different software
platforms for managing different types of library
materials
ILS + ERM + OpenURL Resolver + Digital Asset
management, etc. very inefficient model
Flexible platform capable of managing multiple
type of library materials, multiple metadata
formats, with appropriate workflows
Libraries need a new model of library
automation




Not an Integrated Library System or Library
Management System
The ILS/LMS was designed to help libraries manage
print collections
Generally did not evolve to manage electronic
collections
Other library automation products evolved:
 Electronic
Resource Management Systems – OpenURL
Link Resolvers – Digital Library Management Systems -Institutional Repositories
Beyond the legacy Library
Management System



Find a new term for the successor to the LMS
Library Management System now viewed as printcentric
Need to designate a name for the new genre of
automation products
Library Services Platform


Library-specific software. Designed to help libraries
automate their internal operations, manage collections, fulfill
requests, and deliver services
Services




Service oriented architecture
Exposes Web services and other API’s
Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users
Platform



General infrastructure for library automation
Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service
Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to extend
functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically
interact with data
Library Services Platform
Characteristics

Highly Shared data models



Delivered through software as a service



Multi-tenant
Unified workflows across formats and media
Flexible metadata management




Knowledgebase architecture
Some may take hybrid approach to accommodate local data
stores
MARC – Dublin Core – VRA – MODS – ONIX
New Bibliographic Framework
New structures not yet invented
Open APIs for extensibility and interoperability
Metadata Management

ILS: Encourages local practice
 Record
customization
 Many libraries make similar local changes
 Copy Cataloging model: isolated bibliographic
databases

LSP: Global perspective
 Single,
robust, high-quality record
 Globally shared knowledge base
 Options for local data elements in global context
Library Services Platforms
Category
WorldShare
Alma
Management
Services
OCLC.
Ex Libris
Intota
Key precepts
Global
network-level
approach to
management
and discovery.
Consolidate
workflows,
unified
management:
print,
electronic,
digital;
Hybrid data
model
Knowledgeba
se driven.
Pure multitenant SaaS
Software model
Proprietary
Proprietary
Proprietary
Responsible
Organization
Serials
Solutions
Sierra
Services
Platform
Innovative
Interfaces, Inc
Kuali OLE
Service-oriented
architecture
Technology
uplift for
Millennium ILS.
More open
source
components,
consolidated
modules and
workflows
Proprietary
Manage library
resources in a format
agnostic approach.
Integration into the
broader academic
enterprise
infrastructure
Kuali Foundation
Open Source
Development Schedule
WorldShare
Management
Services
Alma
Intota
General
Release in July
2011
~60 libraries
now in
production
General
Release Mid2012.
5 academic
libraries now
in production
In development.
Sierra Services
Platform
Initial production
release complete
Not available for in 2012. Dozens
production use
of libraries now
until 2014
using in
production.
Kuali OLE
Version 1.0 expected
Dec 2012
Partners begin
migration in 2013
Development / Deployment
perspective



Beginning of a new cycle of transition
Over the course of the next decade, academic
libraries will replace their current legacy products
with new platforms
Not just a change of technology but a substantial
change in the ways that libraries manage their
resources and deliver their services
Competing Models of Library
Automation

Traditional Proprietary Commercial ILS




Traditional Open Source ILS


Aleph, Voyager, Millennium, Symphony, Polaris,
BOOK-IT, DDELibra, Libra.se
LIBERO, Amlib, Spydus, TOTALS II, Talis Alto, OpenGalaxy
Evergreen, Koha
New generation Library Services Platforms





Ex Libris Alma
Kuali OLE (Enterprise, not cloud)
OCLC WorldShare Management Services,
Serials Solutions Intota
Innovative Interfaces Sierra (evolving)
Convergence

Discovery and Management solutions will
increasingly be implemented as matched sets
 Ex
Libris: Primo / Alma
 Serials Solutions: Summon / Intota
 OCLC: WorldCat Local / WorldShare Platform
 Except: Kuali OLE, EBSCO Discovery Service


Both depend on an ecosystem of interrelated
knowledge bases
API’s exposed to mix and match, but efficiencies
and synergies are lost
New Models of Resource sharing
Current models



Based on local collections by individual ILS
Complex add-on components for resource sharing
and consortial borrowing
Interlibrary loan infrastructure separate
Future options


Increasingly shared infrastructure
Highly-shared collections
 Electronic


– physical – digital
Built-in capacity for fulfillment through peer
institutions
Global discovery / global fulfillment infrastructure
Library Consolidation





Libraries remain independent…
…but, belong to ever larger resource sharing
alliances
Amalgamation of library services, consortia, etc.
Libraries shifting from Local to ILS to shared
infrastructure
Global trend: fewer number of larger automation
implementations
Illinois Heartland Library Consortium

Largest
Consortium
in US by
Number of
Members
Integrated Library System
Search:
Holdings
Model:
Multi-branch
Independent
Library
System
Main Facility
Bibliographic
Database
Branch 1
Branch 5
Branch 2
Branch 6
Branch 3
Branch 7
Branch 4
Branch 8
Library System
Patrons use
Circulation features
to request items
from other branches
Floating Collections
may reduce
workload for
Inter-branch
transfers
Consortial Resource Sharing System
Search:
Bibliographic
Database
Holdings
Holdings
Main Facility
Main Facility
Branch 1
Branch 5
Branch 2
Branch 6
Branch 3
Branch 7
Branch 4
Branch 8
NCIP
NCIP
Discovery and Request Management Routines
Library System A
Bibliographic
Database
Branch 1
Branch 5
Branch 2
Branch 6
Branch 3
Branch 7
Branch 4
Branch 8
Library System D
Bibliographic
Database
Bibliographic
Database
Holdings
Holdings
Main Facility
Main Facility
Branch 1
Branch 5
Branch 2
Branch 6
Branch 3
Branch 7
Branch 4
Branch 8
NCIP
ISO
Z39.50
NCIP SIP
ILL
Inter-System Communications
Library System B
NCIP
Bibliographic
Database
Branch 1
Branch 5
Branch 2
Branch 6
Branch 3
Branch 7
Branch 4
Branch 8
Library System E
Staff Fulfillment Tools
Bibliographic
Database
Holdings
Holdings
Main Facility
Main Facility
Branch 1
Branch 5
Branch 2
Branch 6
Branch 3
Branch 4
Resource Sharing Application
Branch 1
Branch 5
Branch 2
Branch 6
Branch 7
Branch 3
Branch 7
Branch 8
Branch 4
Branch 8
Library System C
NCIP
NCIP
Bibliographic
Database
Library System F
Resource Sharing Environment
Holdings
Bibliographic
Database
Library 1
Library 6
Library 2
Library 7
Library 3
Library 8
Library 4
Library 9
Library 5
Library 10
Resource Sharing Environment
Thoughts for the Future
Options and Opportunities for CALIS
Shift from ILS toward LSP model



Current model of Local ILS in each library
Comprehensive management of library resources
Shift toward Library Services Platforms
 Created
for Chinese libraries by local developers
 Offerings from international organizations

Interoperability essential for forward development
Cloud-based Library Management



Shift from library-by-library ILS to cloud-based,
highly shared library services platform
Move from an environment where each library
replicates the efforts of its peers to one where all
libraries benefit from each other’s contributions
Shift from copy-cataloging model to a shared
knowledge base model
Enhanced Resource Discovery





Index-based discovery for National + International
Resources
Combination of National, Regional and
International
Beyond MARC-based union catalogs to
comprehensive index-based discovery service
spanning print, electronic and digital resources
Increased full-text indexing
Phased implementation of open linked data and
semantic discovery mechanisms
Resource Sharing



Opportunity to consolidate
National and global discovery will stimulate
increased demand for materials
Design automation environment to natively support
resource sharing
 Not
an after-thought or add-on
Modernize library automation


Facilitate internal library workflows to maximize all
components of library collections
Synchronize technology infrastructure with strategic
library missions and operations
Libraries in the Cloud



Shared infrastructure
Shared collections
Efficiencies of large scale