Transcript Document

Automated Systems
System where you provide the input, and the machine
or computer carries out the process and provides you
with the output.
Washing Machine
• Washing Machine Cleans Clothing
Dirty Clothes
• Central Heating
• Programming a Video Recorder
• Vending machine
Clean Clothes
Automated Systems in Industry
Industrial processes use automated systems for
example:
Car Manufacturing factory use an assembly line to put
cars together.
Assembly Line
Uses a conveyor belt to move the parts from one part of
the factory to the next
Why use automated systems?
• Carry out the process much faster than a human.
• Tasks that automated systems are programmed to do are
often boring or repetitive.
• Used in hazardous environments (hot or cold)
• More efficient than people because the can work without
breaks
• More accurate than people and can do finely detailed
work without getting tired
• They are adaptable because they can be programmed to
carry out different tasks.
Adaptable
The ability of an automated system to be able to carry out
a variety of different tasks.
Social Issues
Disadvantages
Advantages
• Loss of jobs, less workers • Jobs may be created for the
maintenance of the
needed
automated system.
• Employees may need
• Nature of job changes (new
retrained – fear change
skills)
• Nature of job changes –
• Fewer people working in
fear change
potentially dangerous factory
Technical Implications - SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
• Moving parts of a machine must be covered
• Robots programmed to move slowly around factory
• Robots should be fitted with flashing lights and have siren
• Have hazardous signs around area where robot is in use
• Robots are fitted with sensors to prevent them bumping
into other objects
Economic Implications
• High initial cost - expensive to install
Why do it?
• Automated systems don’t require pay rises, holidays,
don’t require costly facilities like a canteen. (Long term
savings)
• Productivity (Workload) is increased
Quality Control
When using automated systems the quality of the product
must be kept consistent.
Humans are still needed for this task on the production
line.
Systems Analysis
A systems analyst is a person who examines a method of
working (manual system) and decides the best way of
doing it using a computer system.
The systems analysis is the process of carrying out the
job.
Robot Anatomy
Robot
A device which can carry out repetitive tasks under the
control of a computer program.
Robots have parts that resemble human limbs.
•Waist
•Shoulder
•Elbow
•Wrist
Robot Anatomy
ELBOW
WRIST
SHOULDER
WAIST
Interface
Part of a computer system that allows different devices to
communicate with the processor by compensating for any
differences in their operations.
Make sure the correct signals are sent between the
computer and the robot.
Sensors and Feedback
Sensors
A device that detects a physical quantity, for example, light,
heat (temperature), movement, bump, strain (weight or
sound (microphone).
Feedback
Signal which a sensor sends back to the computer. The
computer makes a decision based on the feedback.
Sensors and Feedback Example
Sensors and Feedback Example
Car park barrier – weight sensor on ground
Robots – bump sensor
Heating – temperature sensor
Types of Robots
Stationary Robot
Robots which stay in one place all the time, fixed point on
an assembly line.
Mobile Robot
A robot that can move around the factory floor.
Analogue & Digital
Analogue Signal
A signal which changes continuously rather insteps, such
as temperature and speed.
Digital Signals
Computers only understand digital signals. Consists of a
series of ‘on’ and ‘off’.
On - 1
Off - 0
Analogue to Digital (A to D) and digital to
analogue (D to A) converters
Analogue to Digital (A to D) converter
Accepts an analogue signal and changes it into a digital
signal so the computer can understand it.
Scanner converts an image from a photograph into digital
form.
Digital to Analogue (D to A) converter
Accepts a digital signal (binary) and changes into a
analogue signal
CD player converts the digital data on a CD into analogue
data, music, so that we can hear it.
Programmable Robots
Robots are controlled by a computer program. Robots
need to be programmed to do different tasks.
Robots can be reprogrammed to change their tasks.
Adaptability.
Lead Through Programming
A human operator, connected to a computer system,
creates a movement. This movement is programmed and
the robot can mimic the movement.
ROM software
Programs can be stored in ROM chips.
Advantages
Disadvantages
• Retain their information if the
power is switched off.
•ROM chips are
expensive.
• Difficult to delete and change
•Professional
programmer needed to
reprogram the ROM chip
• Programs can be loaded
faster
• Programs less likely to
become corrupt.
Autonomous Guided Vehicles
A robot that can work on their own by moving around the
factory fetching and carrying parts.
How do they move around?
Controlled by a computer during their journey
Magnetic Guidance System
Light Guidance System
Follow wires buried under the
factory floor.
Follows a painted line on
the factory floor.
Not flexible difficult to change
(dig wires up)
More flexible to draw a line
on the floor.
Real time and Interactive Processing
Real time - a system which responds immediately to input.
For example, airline reservation, robots moving around a
factor. The response in a real time system is vital.
Interactive processing - operators instructions are
processed continuously like a conversation. The speed of
response is not vital.
Control Languages - Credit
Program language specially designed to control a robot.
The language would have command like:
GRASP
MOVE
WAIT
TURN
SPEED UP
Control logo is and example of a control language.
Intelligent Robots
Robots which are programmed to behave as though they
had a form of intelligence. ASIMO is and example.
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Using a computer system to help design something. For
example:
• Cars
• Boats
• Kitchens plans
• Houses Plans
• Electrics
Computer Aided Design (CAD)
IKEA – allows you to design your own kitchen, bathroom
and bedroom.
KITCHEN WINDOW
BACK DOOR
ENTRANCE TO
LIVINGROOM
Computer Aided Design (CAD) cont..
Plotter
Hardware Used for CAD
A large printer used to output plans of used in CAD. For
Graphics Tablet
example,
Ship plans, house plans etc.
Input device which allows free drawing using a hand held pen or
stylus
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)
Using a computer system to help manufacture something.
For example:
Cars
Kitchens – doors, cupboards, sinks etc
Houses – flat pack houses (IKEA)
Question
1. What does CAD stand for?
2. What does CAM stand for?
3. Name two devices used in CAD.
4. What can be produced from CAD/CAM?
Simulation
A computer program used to model a real life situation.
Used to predict what will happen in a real life situation from
a model of that situation on the computer.
Training Aircraft Pilots
Using simulators saves time and money when training
pilots.
•No real plane used
•No fuel wasted
•No one gets hurt if plane crashes
Virtual reality
Reproducing the outside world digitally within a computer
system and displaying it to the user in such a way that
allows them in interact with it.
Headset and gloves are required to take part in virtual
reality.
Summary of Unit
Second Life
Second Life is a virtual 3-D online community, built and owned
by its two million residents.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xxj8RTW4ev4
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mro9Qzv--k8