Transcript Diapositiva 1

Estadísticas de género sobre
trabajo remunerado y no
remunerado:
Los desafíos para la OIT
Sophia Lawrence
ILO Department of Statistics
[email protected]
Times have changed…
• Pilar P.de Rivera, 1942:
– “Las mujeres nunca descubren nada; les falta,
desde luego, el talento creador, reservado por
Dios para inteligencias varoniles...”
• Beijing Platform for Action 1995:
– “Women contribute to development not only
through remunerated work but also through a
great deal of unremunerated work.”
ILO Department of Statistics,
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
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Gender roles change
• Sex: BIOLOGICAL differences do not
change
• Gender: SOCIAL differences do change
• GENDER ROLES: roles assigned to men
and women in a SOCIETY as « male » and
« female »
– Specificities of different groups
– Dominant cultures, minorities, indigenous,
racial, etc.
ILO Department of Statistics,
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
3
Meaningful labour statistics
• Should reflect current reality
• In practice, they simplify it
– Objectives, measurement methods
• They identify core situations, results in:
– Partial coverage
– Insufficient detail
– Incomplete analytical topics
ILO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
An Indicator only shows partial reality
MDG Indicator 3.2 Share of women’s wage employment,
non-agricultural sector
1990
2000
2007
2015
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
CIS (Europe)
CIS (Asia)
Developed
Latin America & Caribbean
Eastern Asia
Oceania
South-East Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Southern Asia
Western Asia
Northern Africa
• World
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ILO Estimates
50.3
45.4
43.4
36.5
38.0
32.8
35.6
22.8
13.4
17.3
21.0
51.2
45.5
45.4
40.7
39.6
35.1
37.4
26.2
17.2
19.6
19.8
52.1
46.2
46.5
42.7
41.3
35.8
37.4
28.9
18.8
21.2
20.4
53.2
47.2
48.1
45.5
43.7
36.8
37.4
32.7
21.0
23.6
21.2
35.3
37.6
39.0
40.8
Status in employment reality
Distribution of total employment by status in
employment, developing regions 1997 and 2008,
by sex
(Percentage)
Women
34
2
34
41
Men
Women
27
Men
35
0%
3
1
20%
43
29
3
40%
Wage and salaried workers
Own-account workers
2008
30
13
1997
43
45
60%
17
80%
Employers
Contributing family workers
100%
Fully “engendered” labour statistics
• International Conference of Labour
Statisticians, 2003:
• Checklist of good practices for
mainstreaming gender in labour statistics
• Aims to address gender concerns, to
better understand how men and women
contribute to labour market functioning
ILO Department of Statistics,
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
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Gender analysis for labour statistics
WOMEN
DIVISION
OF
LABOUR
MEN
combine employment with unpaid
household service work
mainly economic activities
active in non-market activities and informal
sector; carry out multiple activities, seasonal
work
mostly active in market
activities; full-time work, may
have a secondary job
occupy general occupations with more routine specific tasks in occupations
and/or multiple, non-specific tasks
with less routine work
RESOURCES
AND
BENEFITS
NEEDS
AND
CONSTRAINTS
work closer to home: for pay in the house,
e.g., as homeworkers, or for family profit in a
family enterprise
work for pay or profit
outside of the house
activities are less rewarded or not rewarded
at all and have lower status
activities are better rewarded
and have higher status
access to different types of resources and less
control over resources and benefits
more control over
resources and benefits
participation in the labour force is
constrained by marriage and presence of
children and other persons requiring care
labour force participation
boosted by marriage and
presence of children
ILO Departmentand
of Statistics,
tend to be seen as housewives
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
dependents
tend to be seen predominantly
as breadwinners
Important gender role of men, boys
• Socialization and education process
related to:
– The workplace and the economy
– Household (domestic) work and work/life
balance
– Sexuality, health, HIV/AIDS
– Gender-based violence
– Masculinities
• Male attitudes, aspirations, anxieties
ILO Department of Statistics,
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
10
Gender justice
Intrinsic and instrumental value
Increased gender justice in households, labour markets, society
Men co-responsible for
household tasks, women
have better access to
markets
Increased women’s labor
force participation,
productivity and earnings
Income / consumption
expenditure
Current poverty reduction
and economic growth
Women have better
education and health
Differential savings rate
Mothers’ greater control over
decision-making in households,
Fathers‘ greater share in family
life
Improved children’s, elder’s
and other dependents’ wellbeing
Better family health,
educational attainment;
greater adult productivity
Future poverty reduction
and economic growth
18th ICLS:
Important breakthrough for gender and labour
statistics*
• New international standards of Working
Time and of Child Labour (2008)
• Recommends SNA recognize that, to
portray the world of work adequately:
– All paid and unpaid work activities, and the
relationships between them, need to be
acknowledged, quantified and understood
*International Labour Conference, 98th Session, 2009
ILO Department of Statistics,
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
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SNA scope of new standards
• PRINCIPLE of “production of all goods and
services” time spent and performed by all,
young and old
• Within SNA Production boundary
• Employment, labour input for national production
accounts, GDP measures
• Beyond SNA General Production boundary
• Enlarged measures, in “unpaid household service +
volunteer work”
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SNA PRODUCTION
PERSPECTIVE
Things with
economic value…
 Trees when cut down
 Tobacco, Arms, Missile industry
 Crime, Prostitution
 Illness, clinics, hospitals
 Death, War
 Women's bodies for advertising
ILO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
A way of counting money, but not
human and environmental cost,
not unpaid work, not time, not
health or happiness
Things without
economic value…
 Rivers, forests (when not
harnessed for economic gain)
 Good health, mother’s milk
 Protecting the earth
 Giving birth, Beauty (except art
for sale)
 Doing own dishes, laundry
Based on Waring,1988
Measurement of Working Time Resolution
Context:
• Where --> location – lab., office, shop,
home; fields, street, construction site
• With whom --> co-workers, family
members, dependents…
• For what purpose --> pay, self, family, fun
ILO Department of Statistics,
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
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Hours actually worked
Key Concept:
• Time spent on tasks + duties necessary to
enable, facilitate or enhance productive
activity of a job
– Waiting, standing-by, transporting goods and
household members
– Short rest breaks (not lunch)
– Work at home, attending meetings, travel for
work
– Professional training for economic unit
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Concept also defines


Hours actually worked in “Unpaid household
service and volunteer work”
Typical productive activities:
– Household accounts, management
– Prepare meals, Care for household members
– Maintain house, grounds, clothes, equipment
– Purchase or transport goods or persons
– Travelling, waiting for persons in one’s charge
– Training for household jobs
ILO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
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”Unpaid vs Paid Work”
• Clarify the terms
• Unpaid work as “contributing family
member” in family enterprise (E)
• Unpaid subsistence production in rural
areas (E or I)
• Unpaid care work within the family (I)
• Unpaid work with the public health-care
sector (I), etc.
ILO Department of Statistics,
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
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Paid work - optimistic view
Procures:
• Own resources
• Increased autonomy
• Bargaining power...
But most jobs created are not:
• Secure
– Casual, temporary, contract or precarious
work
– Seasonal migrants, home workers, etc.
ILO Department of Statistics,
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
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Allocation of time, not money
• In the household as women’s market
working time increases
• Non-market work has not declined
commensurately
• Participation in paid employment is
purchased often at the expense of:
– time once devoted to personal care, sleep,
leisure
• Many women work ‘‘second shift’’ or
‘‘double day’’
ILO Department of Statistics,
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
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Challenges go beyond paid/unpaid
• Existing gender inequalities repeated,
reinforced
• Women’s paid jobs concentrated:
– in lower segments of supply chains
• Global production systems in current
financial downturn
• Must demonstrate significance of gender
justice for economic + social development
ILO Department of Statistics,
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
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Future work
• Working to identify how to incorporate
employment and unpaid household
service work and volunteer work in:
– Statistical measurements
– Indicators
– Economic modelling
– Impact assessment tools, etc
ILO Department of Statistics,
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
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ILO decent work concept
• Encompasses all forms of work, all who
perform work:
– Young and old, women and men
• Work includes unpaid work in the family
and in the community
• Economic productivity is subsidized by
social productivity
– Unpaid (mainly) female household service
work, done often alongside paid work
ILO Department of Statistics,
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
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Many dimensions of decent work
A. Employment Opportunities
B. Adequate Earnings, Productive Work
C. Decent Working Time
»D. Work that should be Abolished
»E. Work Stability and Security
»F. Equal Opportunity and Treatment in
All Work
G. Social Security
H. Social Dialogue, Worker-Employer Representation
I. Economic and social context
ILO Department of Statistics,
Aguascalientes, 28-30 October 2009
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New Challenges: work statistics
• Measurement of total « WORK »
• Need to go beyond current concepts
applied in labour statistics
• Provide a fully engendered perspective
• Enable us to fully describe and analyze
total social production
http://laborsta.ilo.org
Muchas gracias
ILO DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS
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