Transcript Bell Ringer 2/3/14 Define “genocide”. What racial or

Bell Ringer 2/26/15
What does the “domino effect”
have to do with the spread of
communism?
The Cold War
Expands
→Chapter 16
Section 3
Objectives
● Describe General Douglas MacArthur
and his role in the Korean War.
● Analyze the effects of Senator Joseph
McCarthy’s anti-Communism campaign
● Trace the development of the cold war
and the arms race in the 1950s.
Korean War
Conflict over the future
of the Korean
peninsula, fought
between 1950 and
1953 and ending in a
stalemate
th
38
parallel
The latitude line
dividing North
and South Korea
domino theory
If one country fell to
the Communists, its
neighbors soon would
follow
arms race
The struggle to
gain weapons
superiority
brinkmanship
Policy of risking war in
order to protect
national interests
ICBM
Intercontinental
ballistic missiles
Sputnik
First artificial satellite
to orbit Earth created
by the Soviets
U-2 Incident
The shooting down of
an American spy plane
over the Soviet Union
in 1960
Main Idea
During the 1950s, the cold
war spread to new
locations around the
world. At home, a
senator’s anti-Communist
crusade ruined many
people’s careers but
ultimately failed.
1950 – Korean War broke out
 North
Korean troops crossed
th
the 38 parallel (latitude line
dividing the nations) in an
attempt to reunite Korea by
force
 UN unable to act
Douglas MacArthur
war hero, anti-Communist and led UN
forces in Korea
 considered to be
 overly ambitious
 little respect for
 authority (including
 Roosevelt and Truman)

The Korean War
June - September 1950
September – November 1950
November 1950 – January 1951
North Korean troops storm
across 38th parallel
United Nations offensive in
South and North Korea
Communist China and North
Korean offensive
Q: Why do you think
China entered the
war when it did?
A: To stop the
northward
progression of
UN troops
Q: In what way was the Korean
War a cold war conflict?
A: ideological differences, a
Communist government on
one side and an antiCommunist government on
the other
The McCarthy Era
• McCarthy’s Rise to Power
• Accused people of having
Communist ties
• charges gained support
because of American’s fears
McCarthy’s Fall
• Early 1954 – accused the Army of
being “full” of Communists
• Leaders stopped and investigated his
claims
• Army-McCarthy hearings began in
April 1954
• televised and lost credibility; “red
scare” slowed
Q: What finally led to
McCarthy’s downfall?
A: He went too far when he
accused the Army, and the
televised hearings exposed
him as a fraud
The Cold War in the 1950s
• President Republican Dwight D.
Eisenhower (1953)
*Secretary of State John Foster
Dulles - harsh anti-Communist
*felt containment wasn’t enough and
wanted to “roll back” Communism
• Eisenhower was not as
aggressive as Dulles
*East Germans revolted in
1953
*Poles and Hungarians
revolted in 1956
U.S. stayed out
Any other
response could lead
to war with the
Soviet Union
Southeast Asia
• *Stalin died in March
1953
• *Eisenhower promised
to end the Korean War
• *New conflict
developing in Vietnam
French colony in Southeast
Asia
Had fallen to Japan in WWII
Leader of Vietnamese
Communist party: Ho Chi Minh
*France rejected Ho Chi Minh’s
declaration of independence
Domino Theory
*belief that if one country fell to the
Communists, its neighbors soon would
follow
*U.S. provided support to France
against the Vietnamese
France withdrew in 1954
Vietnam divided:
Communist North and antiCommunist South
*U.S. provided aid to South
Vietnam
• The Middle East
• *Britain and France held
much control after WWI
• *British controlled Palestine
(where many Jews had sought safety
during WWII)
*many wanted a Jewish state
• *1947 – UN decided to
create two states—one
Jewish and one Arab
• *May 1948 – Jews in
Palestine proclaimed new
nation: Israel
Q: What regions were still
held by Palestinians after
the 1948 war?
• A: The West Bank
and the Gaza Strip
• Conflict between Israel and
Arab neighbors (who viewed
Palestine as their homeland)
*United States supported
Israel
*Soviet Union supported Arab
nations.
• U.S. wanted to prevent oil-rich
Arab nations from Communist
influence
*1952 - pro-Communist leader
gained control in Iran
*1953 – U.S. CIA organized to
overthrow the leader
*Power restored to pro-American
Shah of Iran.
Suez Crisis of 1956
*Egypt’s ruler Gamal Abdel Nasser
wanted Soviet support
*American and Britain cut off aid
*Nasser seized the British-owned
Suez Canal (vital waterway that
passed through Egypt and allowed
Middle East oil to reach Europe
1956 – British and French
attacked Egypt
1957 – Eisenhower announced
the Eisenhower Doctrine
U.S. would use force to
“safeguard the independence”
of any country facing
Communist aggression
*Used to justify sending
troops to Lebanon in 1958
Q: How did the cold war
affect the Middle East?
• A: The Soviet Union’s
closeness to Iran and
other Middle Eastern
nations may have
increased U.S. concerns
over the control over oil
Latin America
• U.S. supported leaders to protect
American interests
• *Concerned about countries where
Americans had companies
• Rio Pact signed in 1947 (regional defense
alliance with 18 nations)
• OAS (Organization of American States)
formed 1948
• 1954 – CIA overthrew
government in Guatemala
•
• *restored power of American
company: United Fruit
Company
• Fidel Castro overthrew corrupt
Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista
• *Eisenhower would not support
Castro because of Communist
ties
• *Cuba and Castro would rely on
Soviet aid
The Arms Race
the struggle to gain weapons
superiority
• The growth of Nuclear Arsenals
• *1952 – first thermonuclear device
(U.S)
• *1953 – hydrogen device tested by
Soviets
• between 1954 and 1958, 19
hydrogen bomb tests at Bikini
Island in the Pacific.
• *tests revealed that the
entire world could be
threatened with radioactivity
• brinkmanship – supported by
John Dulles
• *Adlai Stevenson disagreed
with this policy as well as
many Americans
Cold War in the Skies
• *U.S. Air Force carried
hydrogen bombs to targets
• *Soviets focused on longrange missiles known as
ICBMs (intercontinental
ballistic missiles)
• 1957 – Soviets used a rocket
to launch Sputnik, the first
artificial satellite to orbit Earth
• ~~Americans were
embarrassed~~
• The U-2 Incident
• *spy plane flying over 15 miles
high shot down by Soviets
(May 1960)
Why did the launch of Sputnik shock
Americans?
They thought the U.S.
was the world’s
strongest
superpower.