Transcript Hot cells and radionuclide production systems

RADIOISOTOPE PRODUCTION
NANIK DWI NURHAYATI,S.SI,M.SI
Radioisotope production there are 2 ways,
a. Production without neutrons
b. Production with neutrons.
The resulting neutron reactor consists of two groups :
a. slow neutrons with energies <0.025 eV
b. fast neutrons with energies> 0.025 eV
Nuclear Reactions
Reactions are written as:
(bombarding particle, emitted particle)
e.g.
(n,γ) (neutron, gamma)
(p,n) (proton, neutron)
In neutron induced fission:
(neutron, fission product) (n,f)
Neutron Reactions - Summary
Nuclear reactors produce radionuclides from:
fission products
(n,γ) reactions (I131)
(n,p) reactions (P32)
Neutron Reactions
Neutron Reaction
Energy
Type
Examples
Thermal
(n,γ
59
Thermal
(n,f)
235
Thermal
(n,p)
35
Fast
(n,p)
32
Co (n,γ) 60Co
U (n,f) 99Mo
Cl (n,p) 35S
S (n,p) 32P
1. REACTION (n,)
Co  01n  2760Co  
59
27
32
16
6
3
S  n P P
1
0
32
15
Li  n  H  He
1
0
3
1
4
12
U  n Sr Xe 3 n
235
92
239
1
0
90
38
143
54
Pu 01n 
130Te
(n,) 131Te ---------131I
T1/2 25 menit
1
0
Radionuclides Produced by (n,γ)
Product
Co-60
Target
Target
nuclide
Co-59
Cobalt metal
Reaction
n,γ
Na-24
Na-23
n,γ
Cu-64
Cu-63
I-131
Te-130
Sodium
carbonate
Copper
Pthalocyanine
Tellurium
dioxide
Tc-99m
Mo-98
Molybdenum
oxide
n,γfollowed
bydecay
n,γ
n,γ followed
bydecay
Nuclear Fission
fission fragment
uranium-235
neutron
neutron
heat
+ gamma radiation
neutron
fission fragment
TARGET
Material to be irradiated called TARGET.
To get a good target, some requirements:
1. What the target is easily obtained
2. What these objectives requires a special treatment?
3. How far the target of physical and chemical changes?
4. whether the target consists of generating the kind of life that
only the desired radioisotope
5. the chemical purity of the target
Cause of contamination in the target is the reaction (n, p)
and(n,α), the combination of the target and the abundance of the
target.
For example: Na-24 production, use target Na2CO3 than NaCl
whereas when used NaCl contamination can occur Cl-38,
P-32, S-35 making it difficult for the separation.
IRRADIATION FACILITY
1. Irradiation tube
2. Prossesing plant
3. Irradiation facility, reactor kind dependent
Steps in Radioisotope Production
Target preparation
Irradiation
Radionuclide extraction
Preparation of radioisotope
Packaging
Transport
Waste disposal/recycling
Radioisotope Purification
Radioisotope purification includes:
 Dissolution
 Ion exchange
 HPLC
 GC
 Solvent extraction
 Sublimation
 Electrochemical deposition
Separation Of Technical Radioisotopes
1. Precipitation
Radionuclide purity is dependent on the Precipitation rate,
concentration, pH, type of reagent, temperature.
Usually the problem because the sediment obtained a little, because it
is often added to the carrier.
The disadvantage is the cause of low specific activity.
2. Destillation
Based on differences in physical properties and chemical properties of
radionuclides to the target can be separated by distillation.
130Te
(n,) 131Te ---------131I
T1/2
25 menit
3. Chromatographic
Chromatographic separation column with a stationary phase such as
alumina, silica gel, etc.
This way the more developed especially for isotope
generator systems
QUALITY CONTROL
1. Physical Investigation
a. Determination of the concentration of radioactive,
b. Determination of the radioactive purity determination.
2. Chemical Investigation
Radiochemical purity, pH determination, determination of
substances.
3. Biological Investigation
a. Sterilization,
b. Toxicity.
c. Pyrogenitas
COMPOUND LABELED
Compounds in which one or more atoms replaced atom without
radioisotopes or stable isotopes or by changing the structure of
the compound, known as compounds labeled.
This compound is used for agriculture or medicine.
In medicine, these compounds are known as the preparation of
radiopharmaceuticals
Some radioisotopes in medecine of use:
a. Radionuclide must have a short half-life.
b. Low-energy gamma emitting radionuclides.
c. Marking procedures should be simple.
Requirements Compound Labeled
1. High concentrations of radioactive
2. Radioisotope Has a high energy
3. Radioisotope Has a long half life
4. Cheap and easy to obtain
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