Transcript Essentials - Pima Community College

Essentials of Fire Fighting and
Fire Department Operations,
5th Edition
Chapter 22 — Introduction to
Hazardous Materials
Firefighter I
Chapter 22 Lesson Goal
• After completing this lesson, the student shall
be able to identify the responsibilities of both
Awareness-Level and Operations-Level
personnel at hazardous materials incidents,
summarize types of clothing and protection
necessary at hazardous materials incidents,
and discuss various clues for detecting the
presence of and identifying hazardous
materials.
Firefighter I
22–1
Specific Objectives
1. Summarize Awareness-Level and
Operations-Level responsibilities at
hazardous materials incidents.
2. Describe types of respiratory
protection.
3. Summarize respiratory equipment
limitations.
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–2
Specific Objectives
4. Describe types of protective clothing.
5. Discuss U.S. EPA levels of protective
equipment.
6. Describe NFPA® 1994 PPE ensemble
classifications.
7. Describe the U.S. military missionoriented protective posture (MOPP)
(Continued)
ensembles.
Firefighter I
22–3
Specific Objectives
8. Discuss PPE selection factors.
9. Discuss health and safety issues when
wearing PPE.
10. Explain proper procedures for
inspection, testing, and maintenance
of protective clothing and equipment.
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–4
Specific Objectives
11. Describe health and physical hazards
that may be present at haz mat
incidents.
12. Describe physical properties of
hazardous materials.
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–5
Specific Objectives
13. Explain how the General Hazardous
Materials Behavior Model (GEBMO)
can help firefighters understand the
likely course of an incident.
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–6
Specific Objectives
14. Explain locations or occupancies clues
to the presence of hazardous
materials.
15. Explain container shapes clues to the
presence of hazardous materials.
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–7
Specific Objectives
16. Explain transportation placards,
labels, and markings clues to the
presence of hazardous materials.
17. Explain other markings and colors
(non-transportation) clues to the
presence of hazardous materials.
18. Explain how written resources can be
used to assist firefighters in
identifying hazardous materials. (Continued)
Firefighter I
22–8
Specific Objectives
19. Explain how the senses can provide
clues to the presence of hazardous
materials.
20. Explain how monitoring and detection
devices can provide clues to the
presence of hazardous materials.
21. Summarize indicators of terrorist
(Continued)
attacks.
Firefighter I
22–9
Specific Objectives
22. Discuss identifying illicit laboratories.
23. Discuss secondary attacks.
24. Obtain information about a hazardous
material using the Emergency
Response Guidebook (ERG). (Skill
Sheet 22-I-1)
Firefighter I
22–10
Awareness-Level
Responsibilities
• Recognize a hazardous materials
incident or terrorist attack
• Protect themselves from the hazards at
the incident
• Call for additional help
• Secure the incident scene
Firefighter I
22–11
Operations-Level
Responsibilities
• All of the requirements
for Awareness Level,
plus initiate defensive
actions to protect
– The public
– The environment
– Property
Courtesy of Rich Mahaney.
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–12
Operations Level
Responsibilities
• Some may be trained to perform
additional functions at a haz mat
incident depending on their assigned
missions or functions
Firefighter I
22–13
Self-Contained Breathing
Apparatus (SCBA)
• Must be National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) and Mine Safety and Health
Administration (MSHA) certified to be
used at haz mat incidents
• Must meet design and testing criteria of
NFPA® 1981
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–14
Self-Contained Breathing
Apparatus (SCBA)
• Only positive-pressure open-circuit or
closed-circuit SCBA is allowed in
incidents where personnel are exposed
to hazardous materials
Firefighter I
22–15
Advantages of Self-Contained
Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
• Independence
• Maneuverability
Firefighter I
22–16
Disadvantages of Self-Contained
Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)
•
•
•
•
•
Weight
Limited air-supply duration
Change in profile
Limited vision
Limited communications
Firefighter I
22–17
SCBA Used in Emergency
Response to Terrorist Attacks
• Certification program for SCBA used in
emergency response to terrorist acts is
being worked on by NIOSH, NIST,
OSHA, and NFPA®
Firefighter I
22–18
Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs)
• An atmosphere-supplying respirator;
user does not carry the breathing air
source
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–19
Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs)
• Components
– Facepiece
– Belt-or facepiece-mounted regulator
– Voice communications system
– Up to 300 feet (100 m) of air supply hose
– Emergency escape pack or emergency
breathing support system (EBSS)
(Continued)
– Breathing air source
Firefighter I
22–20
Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs)
• Type C respirators
• SARs used at haz mat incidents or
terrorist events must provide positive
pressure to the facepiece
Firefighter I
22–21
Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs):
Advantage
• Reduce physical stress
to the wearer by
removing the weight of
the SBCA
Firefighter I
22–22
Supplied-Air Respirators (SARs):
Disadvantages
• Air supply line has potential for
mechanical or heat damage
• Length of airline restricts mobility
• Restricted vision
• Restricted communications
Firefighter I
22–23
Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs)
• Contain an air-purifying filter, canister,
or cartridge that removes specific
contaminants found in ambient air
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–24
Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs)
• Types
– Particulate-removing APRs
– Vapor- and gas-removing APRs
– Combination particulate-removing and
vapor- and gas-removing APRs
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–25
Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs)
• May be powered (PAPRs) or non-
powered
• Do not supply oxygen or air from a
separate source; protect only against
specific contaminants at or below
certain concentration
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–26
Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs)
• May have either
– Full facepieces
– Half-facepieces
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–27
Air-Purifying Respirators (APRs)
• Do not protect against oxygen deficient
or oxygen-enriched atmospheres
• Must not be used in IDLH situations
Firefighter I
22–28
Air-Purifying Respirators
(APRs): Limitations
• Limited life of filters and canisters
• Require constant monitoring of the
contaminated atmosphere
• Require a normal oxygen content of the
atmospheres before use
Firefighter I
22–29
Air-Purifying Respirators
(APRs): Precautions
• Know what chemicals/air contaminants
are in the air
• Know how much of the chemicals/air
contaminants are in the air
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–30
Air-Purifying Respirators
(APRs): Precautions
• Ensure that the oxygen level is between
19.5 and 23.5 percent
• Ensure that atmospheric hazards are
below IDLH conditions
Firefighter I
22–31
Air-Purifying Respirators
(APRs): Use at Haz Mat
• APRs may be used after emergency
operations are over and the hazards at
the scene have been properly identified
Firefighter I
22–32
Particulate-Removing Filters
• Protect from particulates in the air
• May be used with half or full facepiece
masks
• Eye protection must be provided when
full facepiece mask is not worn
• Divided into nine classes
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–33
Particulate-Removing Filters
• Used to protect against toxic dusts,
mists, metal fumes, asbestos, and some
biological hazards
• If used for medical emergences, must
be 99.97 percent efficient
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–34
Particulate-Removing Filters
• Include particle masks
(dust masks)
Firefighter I
22–35
Vapor- and Gas-Removing Filters
• Protect against specific vapors and
gases
• Use some kind of sorbent material
• Designed to protect against related
groups of chemicals such as organic
vapors or acid gases
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–36
Vapor- and Gas-Removing Filters
• May be color-coded
to identify what
contaminant(s) the
canister or cartridge
is designed to
protect against
Firefighter I
22–37
Powered Air-Purifying
Respirators (PAPRs)
• Use a blower to pass
contaminated air
through a canister or
filter
• Offer a greater degree
of safety than
standard APRs
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–38
Powered Air-Purifying
Respirators (PAPRs)
• May be of use at CBR incidents for
personnel conducting decontamination
operations and long-term operations
• More comfortable to wear
• Several types are available
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–39
Powered Air-Purifying
Respirators (PAPRs)
• Only used where the atmospheric
hazards are understood and at least
19.5 percent oxygen is present
• Not safe to wear in atmospheres where
potential respiratory hazards are
unidentified
• Should not be used during initial
(Continued)
emergency operations
Firefighter I
22–40
Powered Air-Purifying
Respirators (PAPRs)
• Require continuous atmospheric
monitoring to ensure the safety of the
responder
Firefighter I
22–41
Supplied-Air Hoods
• Provide loose fitting,
lightweight
respiratory protection
that can be worn
with
– Glasses
– Facial hair
– Beards
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–42
Supplied-Air Hoods
• Used as an alternative to other
respirators because they require no fit
testing and are ready to use
Firefighter I
22–43
Escape Respirators
• Designed for escaping the hot zone
• Can be self-contained or air-purifying
• Generally designed for a short duration
of protection and are commonly
designed in a hood style
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–44
Escape Respirators
• Have filter canisters that are usually not
designed to be replaced
• Some include cases that can be
strapped onto the body and worn as
part of an emergency PPE ensemble
Firefighter I
22–45
Limitations of Equipment and Air
Supply
•
•
•
•
•
Limited visibility
Decreased ability to communicate
Increased weight
Decreased mobility
Inadequate oxygen levels
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–46
Limitations of Equipment and Air
Supply
• Chemical specific
• Open- and closed-circuit SBCA have
maximum air-supply durations
• Non-NIOSH certified SCBAs may offer
only limited protection in environments
containing chemical warfare agents
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–47
Physical, Medical, and Mental
Limitations
•
•
•
•
Physical condition
Agility
Facial features
Neurological functioning
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–48
Physical, Medical, and Mental
Limitations
•
•
•
•
Mental soundness
Muscular/skeletal condition
Cardiovascular conditioning
Respiratory functioning
Firefighter I
22–49
Structural Fire Fighting
Protective Clothing
• Not a substitute for chemical protective
clothing, but may provide limited
protection against some hazardous
materials
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–50
Structural Fire Fighting
Protective Clothing
• Limitations
– Neither corrosive-resistant, nor vapor tight
– Liquids can soak through, acids and bases
can dissolve/deteriorate outer layers, gases
and vapors can penetrate the garment
– Gaps in clothing occur
– Can be permeated by some hazardous
materials
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–51
Structural Fire Fighting
Protective Clothing
• May be appropriate for use at haz mat
incidents when certain conditions are
met
– Contact with splashes of extremely
hazardous materials is unlikely
– Hazards have been identified, and will not
rapidly damage or permeate structural fire
fighting protective clothing
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–52
Structural Fire Fighting
Protective Clothing
• May be appropriate for use at haz mat
incidents when certain conditions are
met (cont.)
– Total atmospheric concentrations do not
contain high levels of chemicals that are
toxic to the skin
– There is a chance of fire or there is a fire
and this type of protection is appropriate
– When it is the only PPE available
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–53
Structural Fire Fighting
Protective Clothing
• At terrorism events
– Will provide protection against thermal
damage in an explosive attack
– Provides limited or no protection against
projectiles, shrapnel, and other mechanical
effects from a blast
• Provides adequate protection against
some types of radiological hazards, but
not others
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–54
Structural Fire Fighting
Protective Clothing
• In cases where biological agents are
strictly respiratory hazards, may provide
adequate protection
• Not sufficient in any case where skin
contact is potentially hazardous
Firefighter I
22–55
High-Temperature Protective
Clothing
• Designed to protect the wearer from
short-term high-temperature exposures
• Usually of limited use in dealing with
chemical hazards
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–56
High-Temperature Protective
Clothing
• Two basic types of high-temperature
clothing are available.
– Proximity suits
– Fire-entry suits
Firefighter I
22–57
High-Temperature Protective
Clothing Limitations
• Contributes to heat stress
• Bulky
• Limits wearer’s vision, mobility, and
communication
• Requires frequent and extensive
training
• Expensive
Firefighter I
22–58
Chemical-Protective Clothing
(CPC)
• Shields or isolates individuals from the
chemical, physical, and biological
hazards that may be encountered
during hazardous materials operations
• Made from a variety of different
materials
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–59
Chemical-Protective Clothing
(CPC)
• Must include a list of chemicals for
which the suit is effective
• Designed to afford the wearer a known
degree of protection from a known
type, concentration, and length of
exposure to a hazardous material
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–60
Chemical-Protective Clothing
(CPC)
• Must be decontaminated before storage
or disposal
Firefighter I
22–61
Chemical-Protective Clothing (CPC):
Liquid-Splash Protective Clothing
• Primarily designed to
protect users from
chemical liquid splashes,
but not against chemical
vapors or gases
• Encapsulating or
nonencapsulating
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–62
Chemical-Protective Clothing (CPC):
Liquid-Splash Protective Clothing
• Limitations
– Not resistant to heat or flame exposure
– Does not protect against projectiles or
shrapnel
• May use an SCBA, an airline (SAR), or a
full-face, air-purifying, canisterequipped respirator
Firefighter I
22–63
Chemical-Protective Clothing
(CPC): Vapor-Protective Clothing
• Designed to protect the
wearer against chemical
vapors or gases and
offers a greater level of
protection than liquidsplash protective clothing
Courtesy of the Illinois Fire Service
Institute
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–64
Chemical-Protective Clothing
(CPC): Vapor-Protective Clothing
• Must be worn with positive-pressure
SCBA or combination SCBA/SAR
• Limitations
Firefighter I
22–65
U.S. EPA Levels of Protective
Equipment : Level A
• Provides the highest level
of protection against
vapors, gases, mists, and
particles for the
respiratory tract, eyes,
and skin
Courtesy of Kenneth Baum.
Firefighter I
22–66
U.S. EPA Levels of Protective
Equipment : Level B
• Requires a garment that includes an
SCBA or a SAR and provides protection
against splashes from a hazardous
chemical
• Worn when the highest level of
respiratory protection is necessary but a
lesser level of skin protection is needed
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–67
U.S. EPA Levels of Protective
Equipment : Level B
• Provides liquid-splash
protection, but little or
no protection against
chemical vapors or gases
to the skin
• May be encapsulating or
nonencapsulating
Courtesy of Kenneth Baum.
Firefighter I
22–68
U.S. EPA Levels of Protective
Equipment : Level C
• Protection differs from Level B in the
area of equipment needed for
respiratory protection
• Composed of a splash-protecting
garment and an air-purifying device
(APR or PAPR)
• Includes any of the various types of
(Continued)
APRs
Firefighter I
22–69
U.S. EPA Levels of Protective
Equipment : Level C
• Should not use unless the
specific material is known
• Periodic air monitoring is
required
Courtesy of Kenneth Baum.
Firefighter I
22–70
U.S. EPA Levels of Protective
Equipment : Level D
• Consists of typical work
uniforms, street clothing,
or coveralls
• For nuisance
contamination only
• Worn only when no
atmospheric hazards exist
Firefighter I
22–71
NFPA® 1994 PPE Ensemble
Classifications
• Class 1 — Highest degree of protection
• Class 2
• Class 3
Firefighter I
22–72
MOPP Ensembles
• Protect against
chemical, biological,
and radiological
hazards
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–73
MOPP Ensembles
• Consist of an overgarment, mask, hood,
overboots, and protective gloves
• Provide six flexible levels of protection
Firefighter I
22–74
PPE Selection Factors
• First-arriving responders often rely upon
information in the Emergency Response
Guidebook (ERG)
• PPE itself can create significant wearer
hazards
• The higher the level of PPE is, the
greater the associated risks
Firefighter I
22–75
Health and Safety Issues When
Wearing PPE
• Most types of PPE inhibit the body's
ability to disperse heat
• Wearing PPE usually increases
firefighters' risks of developing heatrelated disorders
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–76
Health and Safety Issues When
Wearing PPE
• When working in cold climates,
considerations must be taken to protect
responders from cold-related disorders
Firefighter I
22–77
Heat Disorders
• Wearing PPE or other special full-body
protective clothing puts the wearer at
considerable risk of developing heat
stress.
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–78
Heat Disorders
• First responders need to be aware of
several heat disorders, including heat
stroke (the most serious), heat
exhaustion, heat cramps, heat rashes,
and heat fatigue.
Firefighter I
22–79
Heat-Exposure Prevention
• Firefighters wearing protective clothing
need to be monitored for effects of
heat exposure.
• Fluid consumption
• Body ventilation
• Body cooling
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–80
Heat-Exposure Prevention
•
•
•
•
Rest areas
Work rotation
Proper liquids
Physical fitness
Firefighter I
22–81
Cold Disorders
• Cold temperatures caused by weather
and/or other conditions such as
exposure to cryogenic liquids must be
considered when selecting PPE.
• Prolonged exposure to freezing
temperatures can result in health
problems.
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–82
Cold Disorders
• The four primary environmental
conditions that cause cold-related
stress are
– Low temperatures
– High/cool winds
– Dampness
– Cold water
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–83
Cold Disorders
• Wind chill is a crucial factor to evaluate
when working outside.
• A dangerous situation of rapid heat loss
may arise for any individual exposed to
high winds and cold temperatures.
Firefighter I
22–84
Medical Monitoring
• Provide for responders
who may be at risk
because of environmental
hazards as well as
potential exposure to
CBR materials
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–85
Medical Monitoring
• Should be conducted before
responders wearing chemical liquidsplash or vapor-protective clothing
enter the warm and hot zones as well
as after leaving these zones
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–86
Inspection, Testing, and
Maintenance
• Must be conducted in
accordance with
manufacturer's
recommendations
• Should include records
of all inspection
procedures
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–87
Inspection, Testing, and
Maintenance
• At a minimum, record
– Item identification number
– Date of inspection
– Person making the inspection
– Results of the inspection
– Any unusual conditions noted
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–88
Inspection, Testing, and
Maintenance
• Inspected when purchased
• Should be inspected after each use,
daily or weekly, monthly, and annually
• Follow guidelines
Firefighter I
22–89
Health and Physical Hazards
• Health hazards
– Acute health effects are short-term effects
that appear within hours or days
– Chronic health effects are long-term effects
that may take years to appear
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–90
Health and Physical Hazards
•
•
•
•
•
Thermal hazards
Radiological hazards
Asphyxiation hazards
Chemical hazards
Etiological/biological
hazards
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–91
Health and Physical Hazards
• Mechanical hazards
Firefighter I
22–92
Physical Properties of Hazardous
Materials
• Matter is found in three physical states
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–93
Physical Properties of Hazardous
Materials
•
•
•
•
Vapor pressure
Boiling point
Vapor density
Solubility/miscibility
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–94
Physical Properties of Hazardous
Materials
• Specific gravity
• Persistence
• Reactivity
Firefighter I
22–95
GEBMO
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stress
Breach
Release
Dispersion/engulf
Exposure/contact
Harm
Firefighter I
22–96
Locations or Occupancies Clues
• Hazardous materials are found
everywhere
• Preincident surveys
• Community emergency response plans
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–97
Locations or Occupancies Clues
• Certain
occupancies are
always highly
probable locations
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–98
Locations or Occupancies Clues
• Private property is
not exempt
• Certain
occupancies are
more likely to be
targeted for
terrorist attacks
Firefighter I
22–99
Container Shapes Clues
• Bulk-capacity fixedfacility containers
• Bulk transportation
containers
• Intermediate bulk
containers
Courtesy of Rich Mahaney.
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–100
Container Shapes Clues
• Ton containers
• Nonbulk packaging
• Containers for
radioactive materials
Courtesy of Rich Mahaney.
Firefighter I
22–101
Transportation Placards, Labels,
and Markings Clues
• U.S. Department of Transportation
(DOT), Transport Canada (TC), Ministry
of Communications and Transport
(Mexico)
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–102
Transportation Placards, Labels,
and Markings Clues
• Under the UN system, nine hazard
classes are used to categorize
hazardous materials
• Placards are required on specific bulk
quantities
• U.S. DOT labels
• Markings
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–103
Transportation Placards, Labels,
and Markings Clues
• Four-digit UN identification numbers
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–104
Transportation Placards, Labels,
and Markings Clues
• Other North American highway vehicle
identification markings
• North American railroad tank car
markings
• International intermodal container/tank
markings
Firefighter I
22–105
Other Markings and Colors Clues
• NFPA® 704 system
• Hazard communications labels and
markings
• Canadian Workplace Hazardous
Materials Information System
• Manufacturers’ labels and signal words
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–106
Other Markings and Colors Clues
• Military markings
• Pipeline identification
• Pesticide labels
Courtesy of Rich Mahaney.
Firefighter I
22–107
Written Resources
• Written resources to assist firefighters
– MSDSs, inventory records, and other facility
documents
– ERG and shipping papers
– Shipping papers, MSDSs, contacting an
emergency response center
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–108
Written Resources
• Shipping papers
• Material safety data sheets (MSDS)
• The GHS for Hazard Classification and
Communication
• OSHA MSDS requirements
• Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)
Firefighter I
22–109
Senses
• Vision — Safest
• While many products release odors well
below dangerous levels, this may be too
close for safety’s sake
• Warning properties of chemicals include
visible gas clouds, pungent odors, and
irritating fumes
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–110
Senses
• Be aware of visual/physical chemical
indicators that provide evidence of
hazardous materials
Firefighter I
22–111
Monitoring and Detection
Devices
• Useful in determining the presence of
hazardous materials
• Require actual contact with the
hazardous material
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–112
Monitoring and Detection
Devices
• Outside the scope of action for most
Operations-Level responders
• Can help determine the scope of the
incident
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–113
Monitoring and Detection
Devices
• No single device will
detect all materials
• Have advantages and
disadvantages
• Various types are
available
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–114
Monitoring and Detection
Devices
• Responders assigned monitoring,
detection, and sampling duties must be
trained
Firefighter I
22–115
Terrorist Attacks
• Response to a terrorist incident is
essentially the same as that for
response to other haz mat incidents;
however, there are critical differences
that must be understood by firefighters.
Firefighter I
22–116
Indicators of Terrorist Attacks
• Report of two or more medical
emergencies in public locations
• Unusually large number of people with
similar signs and symptoms
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–117
Indicators of Terrorist Attacks
• Reported explosion
Firefighter I
22–118
Types of Terrorist Attacks
•
•
•
•
•
Chemical attack
Biological attack
Radiological attack
Nuclear attack
Explosive/incendiary attack
Firefighter I
22–119
Identifying Illicit Laboratories
• Produce or
manufacture illegal
or controlled
substances
• Can be found
virtually anywhere
• Drug labs
Courtesy of Joan Hepler.
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–120
Identifying Illicit Laboratories
• Chemical agents labs
• Explosives labs
• Biological labs
Firefighter I
22–121
Secondary Attacks
• Always a possibility at terrorist attacks
or illicit laboratories
• Usually explosives
• Often designed to impact an ongoing
emergency response
• May also be deployed as a diversionary
tactic
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–122
Secondary Attacks
• May be used to lure personnel to a
specific area where a less obvious IED
is hidden
• Guidelines exist for protecting against
possible secondary devices
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–123
Secondary Attacks
• Responders should be
very cautious of any
item(s) that arouse
curiosity.
Firefighter I
22–124
Summary
• Because hazardous materials could be
involved in virtually any emergency, and
because these materials may be highly
toxic, it is critical that firefighters have
at least a basic understanding of the
potential threats and possible solutions.
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–125
Summary
• Firefighters should be aware of the vast
quantities of these materials that are
shipped, stored, and used every day in
North America. They should also be
aware of the various placards, labels,
and signs that are required.
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–126
Summary
• Firefighters should be familiar with the
various references that are available to
assist them. Finally, they must know
what specialized resources will be
needed to mitigate a hazardous
materials release and be prepared to
assist.
Firefighter I
22–127
Review Questions
1. What are persons trained to the
Awareness Level expected to do?
2. What are persons trained to the
Operations Level expected to do?
3. What is a supplied-air respirator?
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–128
Review Questions
4. What U.S. EPA level of protective
equipment provides the highest level
of protection?
5. List three methods to prevent and/or
reduce the effects of heat exposure
while wearing protective clothing.
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–129
Review Questions
6. Describe the four main routes through
which hazardous materials can enter
the body.
7. What are the seven clues to the
presence of hazardous materials?
8. What are the three ways to use the
ERG to locate the appropriate orangebordered guide page?
(Continued)
Firefighter I
22–130
Review Questions
9. List four chemical attack indicators.
10. What are the clues to the presence of
meth labs?
Firefighter I
22–131