Transcript Ch. 25

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Ch. 25 PPT
America Moves to the CITY
Tmwk Ch 25
1. Graph pg 560 What topic is the graph
depicting? Share one pattern or trend from
the graph. When did more than half live in
the city?
2. Diagram Pg 561 Describe how it was to live
in a dumbbell tenement.
Megalopolis
 1870:
40 million pop.
 1900: 80 million (pop.
Doubles)
 Pop in city triples
 1900 NY: 3.5 million ppl
 Skyscrapers: Architect
Louis Sullivan; Helped by
electric elevator
 Mass Transit: electric
trolleys enable people to
live further from work; leads
to development of suburbs
Appeal of the City
 Jobs
 Electricity,
Indoor Plumbing
 Telephones
 Department Stores:
Consumerism - people purchase
many types of goods
 Entertainment and progress
Humanity Compressed
 Rich
vs Poor: widening class
divisions
 Poor moved to treeless
Ghettoes; rich moved to
Green Suburbs
 “Dumbbell” Tenements –
very little ventilation, unhealthy
conditions.
 Slums: “Lung Block”
 City neighborhoods became
segregated by race, ethnicity,
and social class.
 Issues: impure water,
uncollected garbage
TMWK
3A. Pg 570 Graph What countries did the “Old
Immigration” come from? Describe these countries in
geographic terms.
3B. What countries did the “New Immigration” come
from? Describe these countries in geographic terms.
3C. Around what time period did more “New
Immigrants” start to migrate to the U.S. compared to
“Old Immigrants?”
3D. Why did “New Immigration” decline during the time
period of 1911-1920? Add OI
New Immigration
 By
1880s: increase in 5 million immigrants each decade
 Until 1880s: most immigrants came from British Isles and
Western Europe.
 “New Immigrants”: By 1880s+, many came from Southern and
Eastern Europe - mostly illiterate, poor, few came from
democratic govts.
 Urban political bosses: “unofficial govts” who took care of
immigrant needs in exchange for their loyalty – provided jobs,
found them housing, helped build schools, parks, hospitals.
 Little Italy’s: Many new immigrants settled into communities of
their ethnic groups, maintaining language and customs.
New Immigration (Cont.)
Why Immigrate to US?
1. “American Letters” written to Europe describing the
opportunities and luxuries in America.
2. Growing European population and job competition.
3. American Industrialists advertising Am. jobs in
Europe. They wanted low wage labor, railroads
wanted buyers for their land grants.
4. Better opportunities: jobs, free from military
conscription and religious persecution.
5. Persecution of minorities, especially Jews, in Europe.
Fears
 Many Americans feared new immigrants wouldn’t
assimilate, would out-vote them, take their jobs.
Immigration
TMWK
4. Graph Pg 562 Explain two trends or
patterns between the years 1870-1940. Add
OI
Reactions to Immigration
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Social Gospel: Protestant Christian movement
bringing to light issues of new immigrants and
industrial society - social justice, poverty, liquor, crime, race
tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, inadequate labor
unions, poor schools
Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden: church
should tackle social issues.
Role of church = salvation of humankind and promotion of
social righteousness.
Abolition of child labor.
Reduction of work hrs for Moms.
Ended 12 hr work day at U.S. Steel Corp.
Promoted society over the individual.
Promoted socialism as an answer to modern societal ills.
Prepared the path leading to Progressivism.
TMWK
5. Pg 568 Who was Jane Addams?
Settlement Houses
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Jane Addams 1st Am. Women
awarded Nobel Peace Prize;
estab Hull House: most
prominent American settlement
house - brought opportunities for
immigrants
2,000 visitors per week
Offered instruction in English,
counseling to help immigrants,
child care services for working
Moms
Activities: gymnasium, girls club,
swimming pool, etc.
Settlement Houses Cont.
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These houses became centers of women’s
activism and social reform.
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Others follow Addam’s lead such as:
-Lillian Wald - Henry Street Settlement in NY
-Florence Kelley – crusader for women, children,
blacks, consumers
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New careers created in Social Work - many women
and some men find work in this new field.
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1 million women join workforce in 1890’s
TMWK
6. Pg 569 Text Box Describe the viewpoint of E.A.
Ross regarding immigrants.
7. Pg 570 Political Cartoon What is the cartoon
depicting - Is it for or against something or
someone?
8. Pg 571 Quote: What idea is Pres Cleveland
espousing?
Nativism (Anti-Foreignism)
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New Immigrants seen as culturally and religiously
exotic
Feared new immigrants would outnumber and
outvote Anglo-Saxon’s
Mongrelization of society: Fear that “inferior
Southern Europeans” would mix with fair Anglos
Believed that these immigrants brought down
wages
Created Bosses (Tweed & Tammany Hall): Took
care of immigrants by trading jobs and services
for votes.
Imported anti-capitalist ideas of socialism and
communism
Nativism
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Anti-Immigrant Legislation
1882 – paupers, criminals, convicts denied entry
1882 – Chinese immigrants banned
1885 – Contract labor banned (wage protection)
Later laws prohibited insane, polygamists,
prostitutes, alcoholics, anarchists, and those
carrying contagious disease.
1886 – Statue of Liberty
 “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled
masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched
refuse of your teeming shore”
Many Americans felt they were being stuck with the
wretched refuse of Europe.
TMWK
9. Pg 576 Chart What is the topic of the chart?
What are 2 patterns or trends shown by the
chart? Outside Information (OI):
10. Pg 585 Chart What is the topic of the
chart? What are 2 patterns or trends shown
by the chart?
Education
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Darwin 1859 Origin of Species: belief in natural
selection - gained popularity; by 1920 it was scientific
orthodoxy
Caused division in the church
Some call it Evolution, and others say it’s God.
1870 Compulsory Grade School Education
1900: 6000 High Schools
Illiteracy Rates: 1870 – 20%, 1900 -10.7%
Non-whites – 44%
Rise of Colleges - College provided new opportunities
for women and Blacks
1862 Morrill Act- government gave public land for
support of education
Education Cont.
 1887
Hatch Act: extended Morrill Act; supported
agricultural experimentation
 Led to Universities: Texas A&M, Univ of CA, Ohio
State Univ, Univ. of Chicago (Rockefeller)
 John’s
Hopkins 1876 – Pioneered concept of
modern research university- Graduate School
 Moved
to Fact Based – Less Moral
 Harvard
Motto changed - from Christo Et Ecclesiae
(for Christ and the church) to Veritas (truth)
Literary America
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Libraries – Andrew Carnegie gave $60 million for
construction of libraries.
Newspapers – Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
Yellow Journalism – Sensational, exaggerated
newspaper stories aimed at increasing circulation rumors replaced real stories (Joseph Pulitzer)
Magazines: promoted various viewpoints; spread
ideas about society and proposed ideas for solving
society’s ills.
Edward Bellamy – 1888 Novel Looking Backward supporting socialist movement, sold over 1 million
copies
Mark Twain – Novels: The Adventures of Tom
Sawyer, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn), The
Awakening (feminist novel about adultery, suicide, and
female ambition)
Women in the City
 Charlotte
Perkins Gilman: Women and Economics:
called women to abandon their independent status and
contribute to the community. Advocated centralized
nurseries and cooperative kitchens to facilitate
women’s participation in the work force.
 1890 National American Woman Suffrage
Association: Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.
Anthony.
 Carrie Chapman Catt – suffrage movement leader:
Believed women should get to vote if they continue to
leave their homes and work in the public.
 Wyoming Territory 1869: 1st to grant unrestricted
suffrage to women.
 Ida B. Wells –Journalist and editor: leader of antilynching crusade
Temperance Movement
 Drinking
 Certain
alcohol increased during Civil War
immigrant groups used to drinking alcohol
 1869
National Prohibition Party: temperance
movement
Women’s Christian Temperance Union:
worked for temperance and suffrage – Leaders
 1874
Frances E. Willard and Carrie Nation
 1893:
Anti Saloon League: leader in temperance
leads to 18th Amendment (1919).
National Prohibition of manufacture, sale or
transportation of intoxicating liquors is forbidden.
(Later repealed by 21st Amendment)
 Temperance
+ TMWK
11. Pg 575 Left picture: What did Booker T.
Washington talk about in his speech in New
Orleans?
12. Pg 575 Who was W.E.B. Du Bois?
+Booker T Washington
 44%
of nonwhite were illiterate in 1900.
T. Washington: ex-slave and educator –
avoided the issue of inequality and accepted
segregation; focused on the education of the Black
community and improvements economically.
 Booker
 Established
Tuskegee Institute-private college for
Blacks.
in Self-Help Approach – taught black
students trades to give them economic security.
 Believed
 Acknowledged
Racism, but didn’t challenge it. (He
avoided the issue of racial equality)
W.E.B. Du Bois
 Mixed
race: African, French, Dutch, Indian
 1st African-American to earn PhD at Harvard
 Demanded complete equality for Blacks (social
and economic)
 Believed most talented tenth should lead fight for
equality
 1910 founded NAACP: National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People. African civil rights
organization to eliminate discrimination
 Age 93: renounced U.S. citizenship, moved to
Africa.
TMWK
13. During the mid to late 1800’s, what social
changes and/or movements took place?