Transcript PSYC 2314 Lifespan Development

PSYC 2314
Lifespan Development
Chapter 7
The First Two Years:
Psychosocial Development
Early Emotions
• First Half Year
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Distress
Sadness
Interest
Pleasures
Social smiles
Laughter
Early Emotions
• The Older Infant
– Stranger wariness
– Separation anxiety
Early Emotions
• Social Referencing
– Look to trusted adult for emotional cues in
uncertain situation
• Self-awareness
– A person’s realization that (s)he is a distinct
individual whose body, mind, and actions are
separate from those of other people.
Origins of Personality
• Personality: the multitude of emotions,
behaviors, and attitudes that characterize
each person, distinguishing one from
another.
• Learning theory: traditional vs. later
theorists
Psychoanalytic Theory
• Oral Stage
– The mouth is the infant’s prime source of gratification
and the mother’s attitudes regarding feeding and
weaning are a critical factor in the infant’s
psychological development.
• Anal Stage
– Sensual pleasure is derived from stimulation of the
bowels, and toilet training becomes the focal point.
Infant Day Care
• Preschoolers experience early and extended
amounts of high quality day care, they show
more positive outcomes than children
without such experience.
Infant Day Care
• Four factors essential to high quality day
care:
– Adequate attention to each child
– Encouragement of sensorimotor exploration
and language development
– Attention to health and safety
– Well-trained and professional caregivers
Infant Day Care
• Infants were likely to become insecurely
attached if:
– Their mothers were insensitive
– The day-care quality was poor
– They were in day care more than 20 hours per
week
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of
Infant Development
• Trust vs. Mistrust
• Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Temperament
• A relatively consistent inborn dispositions
that underlie and affect a person’s response
to people, situations, and events.
• It is epigenetic.
Temperament
• Nine Characteristics
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Activity Level
Rhythmicity
Approach-withdrawal
Adaptability
Intensity of Reaction
Threshold of Responsiveness
Quality of Mood
Distractibility
Attention Span
Temperament
• 3 types of temperament:
– Easy
– Slow-to-warm-up
– Difficult
• Goodness of fit
– Environment affects temperament. It is best for
parents to adjust their child-rearing
expectations to their child’s temperamental
style.
Big Five Dimensions of Personality
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Extroversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness
Interaction
• Synchrony: coordinated interaction
between infant and caregiver in which each
individual responds to and influences the
other.
Attachments
• An enduring emotional connection between
people that produces a desire for continual
contact as well feelings of distress during
separation.
– Secure attachment
– Insecure attachment
Attachments
• Attachment may also be influenced by the broader
context in which the infant and mother live. The
father’s contribution to child care, the nature of the
marital relationship, financial and living
conditions, and the cultural context in which the
infant is nurtured are important influences
• Secure attachment aids both cognitive and social
development: securely attached infants are more
curious, outgoing and self directed.
• Child’s temperament has a greater impact on
attachment than the parent’s caregiving patterns.
Adult Attachments
• One important contribution to the
development of a secure attachment in
infants is the mother’s view of her own
early attachment experiences
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Autonomous
Dismissing
Preoccupied
Unresolved